Petrarch and Machiavelli Essay - 809 Words

Thoughts on Ruling: Machiavelli VS. Petrarch In the fourteenth century, the humanist philosopher Francesco Petrarch wrote a letter entitled How a Ruler Ought to Govern His Sate. Nearly a century later, another philosopher by the name of Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a book about governing, The Prince. The two documents show many similarities in content and theme. While the two wrote in similar subject matter, it is clear that these philosophers possess distinctly different viewpoints on how a ruler should govern. In Petrarch’s How a Ruler Ought to Govern His Sate and Machiavelli’s The Prince, both philosophers possess different opinions on how a ruler ought to govern. In particular Machiavelli pays specific attention to the importance of†¦show more content†¦In The Prince, Machiavelli repeatedly brings up the theme of importance of appearing like a virtuous ruler. In chapter XV Machiavelli discusses how it is important to appear as a virtuous ruler, but to not actually possess these qualities. He states, â⠂¬Å" one is considered a giver, the other rapacious; one cruel, another merciful; one treacherous, another faithful; one effeminate and cowardly, another bold and courageous; one humane, another haughty; one lascivious, another chaste; one trustworthy, another cunning; one harsh another lenient; one serious another frivolous; one religious another unbelieving; and the like. And I know that everyone will admit that it would be a very praiseworthy thing to find in a prince, of the qualities mentioned above, those that are held to be good; but since it is neither possible to have them nor observe them all completely, because human nature does not permit it, a prince must be prudent enough to know how to escape the bad reputation of those vices that would lose the state for him† (The Portable Machiavelli 127). In this chapter Machiavelli is suggesting that a good ruler can’t be virtuous at all times because it would not be in the best interest of the people. Machiavelli rec eived much criticism from this suggestion, but he saw nothing wrong with it. To Machiavelli, the definition of virtue was anything that receives praise from othersShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Renaissance Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesFlorence. Humanism was inspired by a humanist name Petrarch and a lot of people may know him as the â€Å"Father of Humanism† because he spent a lot of time trying to spread his knowledge. Petrarch had such an influence on the schools that even â€Å"education in humanistic subjects appeared practical while education in logic and natural science, dominant subjects in the medieval curriculum, seemed to breed idle debate† (15). The way that Petrarch brought humanism to education during the early RenaissanceRead MoreThe Emergence Of Italian Nationalism1346 Words   |  6 Pages†2 Petrarch holds a permanent place in literature as a humanist writer during the Renaissance. Born in Tuscany in 1304, Petrarch studied law under his father’s wishes. After his father’s death Petrarch followed his desire to be a writer. Throughout his writing career, Petrarch devoted his time to bringing back the ancient works from writers of Rome and Greece, which focused on the pre-Ch ristian ideas of man being the center of all things. In a letter to his friend Giovanni Boccaccio, Petrarch statesRead MoreA Brief Note On Indian Poetry After Islam Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesboundaries between the two traditions. Petrarch: Petrarch was born on July 20, 1304, in Arezzo, Tuscany. He was a classical scholar who was considered the Father of Humanism. There was a philosophy that helped spark the Renaissance. Petrarch s writing included well known odes to Laura. Laura was known as his lover. Petrarch was writing and was also used to shape the modern Italian language. He passed away at age of 69 in 1374. Classics and Humanism Petrarch became a cleric, making him eligibleRead MoreThe Balance Of Rationality And Spirituality1241 Words   |  5 Pagesand the era itself, as Petrarch demonstrates with his letters to Marcus Tullius Cicero. Petrarch laments in the fictional letter, â€Å"we of today are too feeble a folk to read [Cicero’s works], or even to be acquainted with their mere titles†¦those who really know you are very few, be it because the times are unfavorable, or because men’s minds are slow and dull, or, as I am the more inclined to believe, because the love of money for ces our thoughts in other directions,† (Petrarch, Letter to Cicero, http://legacyRead MoreHumanism As The Foundation For The Italian Renaissance1272 Words   |  6 Pagesliterature was just beginning to flourish. It had been hard to get your literature noticed because it had been a time consuming process of re-writing one’s work to make copies. Poetry and comedy dominated the genres of writing and Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch were the most influential writers. But thanks to Gutenburg, the famous literary pieces like Dante’s Inferno, Boccaccio’s The Decameron, and Petrarch’s Il Canzoniere were now available to the mass public. However, over time as the author’s viewsRead MoreThe Long And Cold Effects The Middle Ages965 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as Greek dramas and Aristotle. This idea then spread all over Europe. Niccolà ² di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was not only a writer but diplomat who is best know for writing The Prince and for being the father of modern political theory. Because of some of his works, most notably The Prince, the Catholic Church banned him from entering the church of Santa Croce in Florence, Italy. Machiavelli and his works were condemned by the pope of the time thus showing the defiance he had against the churchRead MoreThe Rebirth Of Ancient Cultures1462 Words   |  6 Pagesprimitivism of medieval life, looking further back to the time of ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration. Francesco Petrarch was one such humanist writer. A prominent figure in Renaissance Florence history, he is known as the founder of humanism. On April 6, 1341, Petrarch was crowned Poet Laureate. Many historians cite this date as the true beginning of the Renaissance. Petrarch emphasized life in this world, as opposed to preparation for life in the next world, which revolved around religion f orRead MoreHumanism the Gateway to Individualism530 Words   |  3 Pagesenlightening knowledge to the more literate society of the time. Even peasants believed and were allowed to believe they could achieve a level of intelligence equal to or greater than the great classical philosophers like Aristotle and Plato. Francesco Petrarch, the great Renaissance humanist, noted other humanists, and innumerable others like them, signifying the popularity classical literature had in the then recent past. Pico della Mirandola, a Florentine writer, stated in his On the Dignity of ManRead MoreItalian Renaissance Humanism in Art1826 Words   |  8 Pagespagan=s, and the Church became one of the main reasons why the artistic applications of humanistic values flourished (Jovanovich 84). Two humanistic philosophers who greatly impacted the Italian Renaissance were Pico della Mirandola and Niccolo Machiavelli. Pico della Mirandola, author of AOration on the Dignity of Man,@ believed and emphasized that humans could perfect their existence on earth because they were divinely given the ability to determine their own fate (Mirandola). He accentuated theRead MoreThe Philosophical Point Of Humanism1733 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the greatest humanists, occupied a position midway between extreme piety and frank secularism. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) represented conservative Italian humanism. Robust secularism and intellectual independence reached its height in Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) and Francesco Guicciardini (1483-1540). Rudolphus Agricola (1443-1485) may be regarded as the German Petrarch. In England, John Colet (c.1467-1519) and Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) were early or conservative humanists, Francis

Accounting Attachment Report - 5336 Words

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The objectives of the Industrial attachment The purpose of industrial attachment is to bridge the gap between the theory and the practise of coursework learnt in the University of Botswana. It is meant to give students a clearer perspective of concepts learnt in the academic environment and in turn prepare them for the work environment upon completion of the degree programme. Internship is also aimed at give students a chance to apply the material learnt into a practical environment and get to know the work industry. In applying academic material, it is understood more and in familiarising with the work environment, a career option can be chosen. Part of the attachment was for students to create networks. networks are†¦show more content†¦She is also in charge of the petty cash book, answering calls, submitting tax returns and miscellaneous work. MISSION The mission of Geat Advisory Services is to provide accounting services to small, medium and large enterprises. In providing accounting services, the aim is to also influence the practise of proper accounting ethos and to improve the running and quality of business in the country. This is will be accomplished by building a relationship with the clients and explaining accounting procedures to them. By building relationships with clients and keeping a small number of clients, the company is able to focus on each client and not do a rush job. By targeting smaller businesses, the company is also able to probe into the finer details. Clientele These consist mainly of small businesses with very few employees as these are the main target of the business. Most of the clients are in the motoring industry and have just been contracted; hence there is not much history that has been built. The range of clients runs from auto mechanics to caterers, and interior designers. Clients are drawn in through word of mouth and through networking, as the company barely advertises itself. The biggest client of the firm is its own spear header- Coverage Insurance Brokers. Most of the clients are for accounting services as opposed to the other branches of the business. The business started with a small clientele baseShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Stagecoach Group Plc Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesrequired to prepare its consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Accounting Standards (IAS) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as adopted by the European Union (EU)† . This will be discussed in depth later in the review. AS THE GROUP HAS PREPARED ITS’ FINANCIAL STATEMENTS IT IS AN ASSUMPTION THEY WILL CONTINUE TO OPERATE FOR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE. ACCOUNTING POLICIES: As mentioned in the introduction the group had adopted the International FinancialRead MoreLearning Assessment Strategy1390 Words   |  6 PagesQualification Diploma of Accounting Qualification Code FNS50210 Training Package FNS10 Duration 720 hours – 36 weeks @ 20 hours per week Units of Competence UOC Code UOC Name Status Nominal hours FNSACC501A Provide financial and business performance information Core 80 FNSACC502B Prepare legally compliant tax returns for Individuals Core 80 FNSACC503A Manage budgets and forecasts Core 80 FNSACC504A Prepare financial reports for corporate entities Core 80 FNSACC506A Implement andRead MoreMaternal Fetal Attachment Theory Essay659 Words   |  3 PagesAttachment theory was developed by psychoanalyst John Bowlby in the 1950s to focus on the bond formed between a mother and child; this first relationship is critical in determining a child’s developmental outcome and it is indicative of the child’s future relationships (Brooks, 2013). A parent and child can develop a secure attachment or fall into one of three insecure attachment styles: anxious-avoidant attachments, anxious-resistant attachments, and disorganized/disoriented attachments. ChildrenRead MoreThe Impact Of Psychological Slavery On Attachment And Trust Essay995 Words   |  4 Pages Impact of Psychological Slavery on Attachment and Trust in the Intimate Relationship between African-American Men and Women By Sametta Hill Argosy University Twin Cities Date Committee Chair (degrees) Committee Member (degrees) â€Æ' Table of Contents â€Æ' Research Question What is the effect of Psychological slavery on attachment and trust in the intimate relationship between the African-American male and female? Introduction Most research studies today explains the relational problems of African-AmericanRead MoreAssignment704 Words   |  3 Pages(CPAs), are held to a certain code of professional conduct and go through an arduous process to earn the title. This arduous process could produce a stronger self-regulating mechanism for the CPA than accounting students (Mayhew Murphy, 2014). However, Mayhew and Murphy defended their study citing reports by subordinates of HealthSouth’s Richard Scrushy. Several employees reported to authorities they were told to alter the financial information or lose their jobs. The assumption was unethical behaviorsRead MoreShort Paper3201 Words   |  13 Pages............................................................................................... 4 Shortcomings to Avoid .......................................................................................................................... 5 Accounting Manual ............................................ ................................................................................... 6 References ................................................................................................Read MoreBusiness Studies : Marketing Plan1593 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategy 6 Financial requirements 6 Human resource plan 7 Detailed Staff requirements – See attachment 4 7 Staff policy / code of conduct – See attachment 5 7 Additional Documentation 8 Attachment 1 – Survey results 9 Attachment 2 - Survey overview 10 Attachment 3 – Projected income statement 11 Attachment 4 – Detailed staffing requirements 12 Attachment 5 – Staff code of conduct 14 Attachment 6 – Plagiarism report 15 â€Æ' Executive summary Burgers on call will be a Pty (LTD) company with the view toRead MoreConvergence Projects Fasb and Iasb1296 Words   |  6 Pageson September of 2002, was a paramount step towards a unified global accounting standard. In this document, both U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Boards (IASB) (the Boards) â€Å"each acknowledge their commitments to the development of high quality, compatible accounting standards that could be used for both domestic and cross-border financial reporting.† (MoU Progress Report, 2008) In 2006, and subsequently updated in 2008, the boards agreed onRead MoreThe Requirements Of The Fasb / Iasb Lease Project867 Words   |  4 Pagesstandard. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the changes in comparison to the old AASB 117 Leases standard. An outline will be provided of the development process of the FASB/IASB Lease project and to conclude, a position statement on future implic ations of the new standard. 2.0 Comparison of Accounting Standards Rationale for Change Comparing AASB 117 to AASB 16 the most significant change is for lessee accounting. (2) The lessor accounting requirements remain mostly unchangedRead MoreThe Army Human Resource System (AHRS)898 Words   |  4 Pageslocation, status, and skills of Soldiers in the United States Army. The primary users of this system are Human Resource Soldiers, Commanders, and First Sergeants. The primary features and functions of eMILPO include Personnel Services, Personnel Accounting, Reassignments, Promotions, Readiness, Workflows, System Services, PERSTEMPO, and DTAS. The minimum system requirements to use eMILPO are Internet Access, Microsoft Internet Explorer, AKO Access, CAC card and CAC card reader, and access to the

Information Systems Analysis and Design Term 3

Question: Discuss about the Information Systems Analysis and Design Term3. Answer: Introduction The main aim of this report is to develop an automated Student Management System (SMS) for Australian Institute of Technology (AIT). The existing system in the institute is operated manually using several staffs and agents. However, due to growing number of students and increasing complexity in the management system, a new automated system is necessary that will provide much more accurate and efficient management system. Moreover, this new system can significantly reduce the workload on the available staffs and these staffs can concentrate more on the verifications of applicant authenticity as well as monitoring the progress of the trainees. The main objectives of the project are as follows. To analyze the existing manually operated system at the institution To analyze the requirements for the new automated system for the institution To conduct system requirements analysis for the new system that can be implemented with significant cost benefit To identify possible risks with the new system To prepare a project schedule To conduct investigation on system investigation requirement Approach to Systems Development Use of technology has become an integral part of development of any sector banking, commerce, education, transport and others. With further development of technology, more and more automated systems are being developed that are implemented in all sectors for reducing manual workload as well as manual errors. Australia is one of the leading countries in the development of modern information system and its implementation in various sectors. However, the education system of Australia is yet to receive maximum benefits from information systems as they have not been implemented on a large scale yet. The education of Australia can be developed by a large margin with the proper implementation of information system. This information system is mainly based automating various operations like management of student records, operations related to the basic study lessons like online video lectures, online examinations and others. Currently, a major part of the Australian education system includin g the institute mentioned in the case study is managed manually by staffs and agents. The approach suggested is to install computers and subscribe to cloud computing servers. Additionally, big data warehouses can be efficiently used to store and manage all the data and information. The main justification for this approach is that if the student data are managed and operated manually, errors will start occurring once the number of students increases every year. Moreover, manual handling also takes up huge amount of time. On the other hand, automated systems can manage and store all the data efficiently without errors and within a very small amount of time. Systems Requirements The primary functional requirements for the system in the case study are discussed below. Latest Technical Hardwares Implementation of information system requires availability of suitable hardware systems. For the latest information system, the hardwares must be upgraded to the latest technical configurations. These hardwares are used for entering and reading data into the main server. Moreover, the associated agents can monitor the data and information stored and operated in the server using the hardware (computer monitor). Softwares Information system is implemented with the help of several softwares. The information system for the case study includes cloud server, big data and automated data management system. Suitable softwares are to be used in order to develop the big data server as well as the automated data management system. Cyber Security Softwares These are to be used in order to protect the computers as well as the server from external security attacks. Cloud servers are very vulnerable to external security threats and require strong security systems. These cyber security threats have the capacity to erase or steal all the data stored in the server as well as inject malwares into the system. The non-functional requirements for the system are as follows. Staff Training As a new information system is suggested, special training sessions are to be conducted so that the staffs and agents learn how to use and manage the information system. A small manual mistake can cause severe errors in the system. Technical Experts They are needed in order to install the suitable information system in the institution. Project Cost Benefit Analysis Any project that is conducted is based on the possible scale of cost benefit. Hence, before initiation of a project, conduction of a project cost benefit analysis is necessary. If there is no possible cost benefit, the project should not be executed at all. Moreover, the budgeting of the project also depends on the cost benefit of the project. Any organization that is planning to execute a project should look for a significant scale of cost benefit so that they can recover and profit from the amount that has been spent throughout the course of the project. In the excel spreadsheet, a cost benefit analysis for the proposed project for AIT has been estimated and calculated based on the available funds and resource costs. Tangible Benefits Type In $ Reduction of Cost $ 30,000.00 Error Reduction $ 50,000.00 Increase of Cost Flexibility $ 20,000.00 Increase in Speed of Activity $ 15,000.00 Planning and Control Upgrade $ 10,000.00 Others $ - Total Tangible Benefits $ 125,000.00 Tangible One-Time Costs Type In $ Hardware Costs $ 50,000.00 Software Costs (Basic and Security) $ 60,000.00 Wages and Payments $ 15,000.00 Others $ 5,000.00 Total Tangible One-Time Costs $ 130,000.00 Tangible Recurring Costs Category In $ Maintenance of Software Applications $ 500.00 Data Storage Costs (Cloud and Big Data) $ 1,000.00 Communication System Costs $ 2,500.00 Lease line costs for new hardware and software $ - Supply Cost $ 1,500.00 Others $ - Total Tangible Recurring Costs $ 5,500.00 Table 1: Cost Benefit Analysis Table (Source: Created by Author) Project Schedule Work Breakdown Structure The work breakdown structure for the project schedule is as follows. Task No. Milestone No. of Days 1.0 Project Initiation Phase 27 1.1 Analysis of System Requirements 5 1.2 Appointment of Technical Experts 5 1.3 Scheduling of Project 2 1.4 Procurement of Resources 15 2.0 Project Execution Phase 40 2.1 Installation of Hardwares 10 2.2 Installation of Softwares 10 2.3 Installation of Security Systems 10 2.4 Installation of Big Data Warehouse 10 3.0 Project Closing Phase 35 3.1 System Testing 5 3.2 Risk Mitigation 15 3.3 Staff Training 15 Project Scheduling Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Implementation of Information System for AIT 75 days Mon 19-12-16 Fri 31-03-17 Project Initiation Phase 25 days Mon 19-12-16 Fri 20-01-17 Analysis of System Requirements 5 days Mon 19-12-16 Fri 23-12-16 Appointment of Technical Experts 5 days Mon 26-12-16 Fri 30-12-16 2 Scheduling of Project 2 days Mon 02-01-17 Tue 03-01-17 2,3 Procurement of Resources 15 days Mon 02-01-17 Fri 20-01-17 3 Project Execution Phase 30 days Mon 23-01-17 Fri 03-03-17 Installation of Hardwares 10 days Mon 23-01-17 Fri 03-02-17 5 Installation of Softwares 10 days Mon 06-02-17 Fri 17-02-17 7 Installation of Security Systems 10 days Mon 06-02-17 Fri 17-02-17 5,7 Installation of Big Data Warehouse 10 days Mon 20-02-17 Fri 03-03-17 8 Project Closing Phase 20 days Mon 06-03-17 Fri 31-03-17 System Testing 5 days Mon 06-03-17 Fri 10-03-17 7,8,9,10 Risk Mitigation 15 days Mon 13-03-17 Fri 31-03-17 12 Staff Training 15 days Mon 06-03-17 Fri 24-03-17 7,8,9,10 Gantt chart FIGURE 1: Gantt Chart (Source: Created by Author) The work breakdown structure shows the milestones that are to be achieved during the course of the project. On the other hand, the Gantt chart provides a rough schedule that is to be followed while executing the project. The project schedule is more or less reasonable given the scale of the project and the other factors associated with it. However, the project preparation phase should take a bit longer as this involves procurement of budget and allocation, procurement of resources and other technical factors. System Information Requirement Investigation Techniques Stakeholders of the Project Execution of any project requires a number of stakeholders that are involved in various stages and activities of a project. The list of stakeholders for this project and their duties are as follows. Stakeholder Designation Role Project Manager To prepare project plan and schedule, manage the project according to his proposed plan Sponsor (Here, sponsor is the same person as project manager i.e. the owner of the institution) To provide funds for the project Technical Experts To analyse system requirements, install the information system in the institution and test the system after installation Procurement Manager To procure resources required for the installation of the information system Staffs To control and maintain the information system after implementation and activation Investigation Techniques There are several investigation techniques for information systems. Of them, the most important three are as follows. Interviews This method can be used to analyse the work area as well as problems faced by a particular staff individually. Justification - This method can give a detailed idea of the working of the available system based on individual views. Observation of System in Operation This is another efficient method for investigation that involves regular observation of the working of the system. Justification - The owner of the institution has a particular set of requirements and he can monitor the system operation regularly for making further changes. Questionnaires In this method, the owner has to enlist a set of choices for making changes in the system. The questionnaires are to be sent to the employees so that they can choose their own preferences from the choice set. Justification - This method gives the owner a more clearer idea regarding the change he proposes. All these three methods can be successful in identifying the faults or loopholes in the existing system. The first and third method provides views of employees while the second one is mainly based on the owners ideas. Conclusions Reflections and In this report, an overall idea has been given for the development of information system in AIT. The existing system in the institute is operated manually using several staffs and agents. The problem arises because to growing number of students and increasing complexity in the management system. A new automated system is suggested that is necessary to provide much more accurate and efficient management system. Moreover, this new system can significantly reduce the workload on the available staffs and these staffs can concentrate more on the verifications of applicant authenticity as well as monitoring the progress of the trainees. From this report, while conducting an investigation for proposing the system for the case study, I have personally learnt a lot about the existing and developing information systems that are widely used in different sectors. Moreover, I have learnt to prepare project plans using Gantt charts and Work Breakdown Structures that will help me in my professional career in the future. References Baskerville, R.L. and Wood-Harper, A.T., 2016. A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research. InEnacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2(pp. 169-190). Springer International Publishing. Gregory, R.W., Beck, R. and Keil, M., 2013. Control Balancing in Information Systems Development Offshoring Projects.Mis Quarterly,37(4), pp.1211-1232. Rivera, W.M., Qamar, M.K. and Mwandemere, H.K., 2016. Enhancing coordination among akis/rd actors: an analytical and comparative review of country studies on agricultural knowledge and information systems for rural development (akis/rd). Sarker, S., Xiao, X. and Beaulieu, T., 2013. Guest editorial: qualitative studies in information systems: a critical review and some guiding principles.MIS Quarterly,37(4), pp.iii-xviii. Stair, R. and Reynolds, G., 2013.Principles of information systems. Cengage Learning. Ward, J. and Peppard, J., 2016.The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons.

The Future of Food

Food and farming industry has greatly changed over time. For many thousands of years people have used natural ways to grow crops and farm land. The evolution and advancement of technology have influenced the methods of how people grow and consume food. Mass production and industrialization were arranged in such a way that large number of people could be fed. â€Å"The Future of Food† talks about the changes that took place in the last hundred years. Previously, there were very many kinds of fruits and vegetables (Lahidjii 75).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of Food specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, there were thousands of types of potatoes and apples. The fact that people started to use pesticides has turned the whole world around. The different strands of fruits and vegetables were lost and presently only four or five types are cultivated and grown. The pesticides and insecticides had a very detrimental effect on plants (Denham 39). Their use has increased the mutation and immunity for pests and so, more and more chemicals had to be used. The more these chemicals were used, the higher the demand for them rose and plants were rapidly losing their ability to fight on their own. Chemicals like DDT were thought to be safe but in reality, were one of the most harmful things to happen to agriculture. Animals that would drink the polluted water or eat the seeds would get contaminated and die. This also upset the natural order and pollination, insects have decreased their activity and this in turn affected the crops (Dunlap 47). Another issue that came up is the ownership of plants and species. Mass production of crops has led to an industrial revolution. But a major change came about when corporations started patenting the genes and seed types. This was thought to be impossible before, as the courts said that any living organism or Nature cannot be patented but it d id happen, and this was disastrous to farmers. Many were sued by corporations because there would be plants in farmer’s fields that had same genes as the patents (Williams 23). This happened because the wind blew over some seeds from far away or trucks with seeds would be passing by fields and some would get planted in the fields. This is an outrageous fact because it is close to impossible to control such type of things. Even if farmers were developing and growing their own seeds, as was the case for decades, there would still be some genetic relevance to the patented genes and the famers would get sued. Many chose to pay for a settlement but many have decided to battle and were deprived of their life savings and crops. This fact is completely unacceptable because not only do corporations own the land, they now own the living things, Nature itself. For many people it is a way of life and the greed of corporations has destroyed their lives and support. One of the latest and m ost harmful effects that mass production has had on the food industry is genetic modification.Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People started having severe allergies to products that they previously consumed and did not have a reaction. This is because foods are genetically cross bread, so that they receive qualities they did not have before. Some plants are made more resistant to the colder climate; some are made to stay fresh longer. The technology has allowed to modify the natural order of things and it was somewhat beneficial but very detrimental in many other areas (Forman 67). The changes that people have made to nature are very traceable and their inability to predict the outcome is evidently harmful. The personal lives have changed and the chemicals that were used to preserve food for people have shown how dangerous it is to people’s health. This topic is extremely im portant in the present days because food is as necessary as oxygen. The natural order was created, so that people benefit from the energy received from fruits and vegetables. The balance has existed for thousands of years but recently people started to experiment. The inability to consider all factors and predict the outcome of these modifications has created a large array of consequences that are almost irreversible. Not only do such changes to nature affect humans but the animals, plants and general ecosystem are all influenced. The natural balance is upset and the chain of events causes more and more damage to the structure of nature (Deane-Drummond 58). Everything is very much connected and people have factored in changes that were not expected. Presently, people are aware of the ecological footprint they have made. A better filtration system and more â€Å"nature friendly† chemicals are being used today (Lockeretz 45). There are many groups that specialize in determining the effects that new technology or chemicals will have on nature. A better understanding of genetics has educated people on how certain species will react. The future of technology and health of humanity lies with next generations. The awareness and acknowledgement of the problem has increased the chances at making a change for the better and every effort must be made to reverse the harmful consequences people have put in place. Works Cited Deane-Drummond, Celia. The Ethics of Nature. Malden, United States: John Wiley Sons, 2008. Print. Denham, Timothy. Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological And Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives. Walnut Creek, United States: Left Coast Press, 2009. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of Food specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dunlap, Thomas. DDT, Silent Spring, and the Rise of Environmentalism: Classic Texts. Seattle, United States: University of Washington Press, 2 008. Print. Forman, Lillian. Genetically Modified Foods EBook. Edina, United States: ABDO, 2010. Print. Lahidjii, Reza. The Future of Food: Long-Term Prospects for the Agro-Food Sector. Danvers, United States: OECD Publishing, 1998. Print. Lockeretz, William. Organic Farming: An International History. Cambridge, United States: CABI, 2007. Print. Williams, Elizabeth. The A-Z Encyclopedia of Food Controversies and the Law. Santa Barbara, United States: ABC-CLIO, 2011. Print. This essay on The Future of Food was written and submitted by user Anahi Franklin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The History Of The Sweden Tourism Tourism Essays

The History Of The Sweden Tourism Tourism Essays The History Of The Sweden Tourism Tourism Essay The History Of The Sweden Tourism Tourism Essay Essay Topic: Citizen Kane East Of Eden Sweden Tourism is attractive finish for both concern and leisure travel. It is faster turning industry and they are anticipating their dual gross in following decennary. However, the gross coming from international visitants in dramatis personae five old ages it s more than doubled. Visitors were increased higher than the European norm domestic travellers and International travels both have increasing demand for the combination of the under developed market it will creates the major chances, fundamentally for foreign endeavors assisting in the adjustment activities, they help in bring forthing new manner of service, new merchandises and new rivals. So Sweden touristry is an attractive finish. Sweden has abundant natural resources to offer like clean H2O, fresh air, unfastened infinite, beautiful and fresh nature and adventures lands that issues for everyone. Attractive Sweden is highly immense in size, 246 sq. kilometer. compared to UK. They have merely 20 per sq kilometer people were populating in the Sweden. We can hold perfect finish and active holiday in all demands Sweden. Actually, alone natural and cultural heritage with foreign metropolis life it makes the finish attractive. Activities and experience, leisure activity, wilderness and escapade to go through and pass the yearss with seafaring or flaxen beaches with the group along seashore line in Sweden. Introduction: Growth of Tourism Industry in Swedish, since 1991, 80 per centum of the International traveller was increased to go Europe. In the same period about 100 % of the travellers found their manner to Sweden. Last five old ages international visitants were doubled and produced the gross for touristry industry in Swedish. Sweden generates over 252 SEK billion in bend over ; service relation concerns and cordial reception are back uping the scope of touristry industry. They are estimated 500 SEK billion to expected turnover to turn the touristry industry in 2020. Sweden have the good possible growing in touristry sector, late consisting the GDP is merely three per centums in touristry sectors. Four per centum of the planetary travel is decreased during 2009. However, nightlong corsets are about 30 % increased in Europe. In 2009, International overnight remain were increased one of the chief finish in Europe is Sweden. International tourers were passing their money on goods merchandise compared to domestic travellers. Fifty per centum of the shopping history were consumed by international travellers and 40 per centum were concern and leisure travellers in Sweden and domestic travellers most of them passing their passing their clip and money in shopping. It is besides the chief intent to step in the international travellers to take nutrient in eating houses than Sweden travellers. Communicating with planetary and domestic travellers: However, Day by twenty-four hours foreign tourers increasing so they are continued carry oning no of direct flights and tourer resorts future influxs and handiness of visitants. Traffic of sail ship and investing is bring forthing in seaport installations to increase the Sweden travel. They are anticipating the more calls and more sing travellers to major ports to bespeak the development in future. Ensure good developed roads and railroads web to easy entree the Sweden to all portion of the state. Attractive topographic points in Sweden: Goteborg: The primary metropolis of the state is bohus and Gothenburg ; it has first-class information and is the seed of a Lutheran bishop. Social and cultural life manner in Goteborg is recognized from the terminal of art gallery. Helsingborg: Intentionally situated at the narrowest facets of the Oresund compared the Danish metropolis of Helsingborg for 100s of old ages ferociously uncertain between Denmark and Norway. There are plan to develop nexus over the Oresund. Kalmar: Primary metropolis of the national of Kalmar in south eastern portion of Sweden can be found on the Kalmar, which individual the isle of Oland from the landmark. There was already covering published here in Viking period. The town modern-day sectors consist of engineering invention and engine vehicles. Falun: The old acquiring out metropolis of falun can be found on both fiscal establishment of the watercourse falun between the runnsio and varparjo. Falun is still a of import commercial metropolis and besides full many activities. Karlstad: Malno can be found on the western seashore of skane reverse the Danish investing of Copenhagen across the Oresund. A important slot of Sweden s 3rd greatest town, it is indispensable fiscal and societal center. The town accepted to Norway under the understanding of Roskilde. Capital of sweden: It can be found on the assortment of finish and peninsula at the end product of pool cheekbone into the Baltic, Which soon types and in deepness. The entreaty of its establishing can be found in the intermingling of country and H2O, the complex design of river covering the town. Upsala: The most important development in Uppsala is the church, noticeable from most facets of metropolis. It is the primary metropolis of the state of Uppsala and the country of highland and the chair of the Lutheran archbishop of Norway. The person of highland appreciate the right of taking and force outing their leaders. Vaxjo: It can be found at the northern terminal of the several of that name. It recognized its public lease in 1342 and now primary metropolis of Kornberg state. Vaxjo is house to two recognized sign of the zodiacs Kornberg escapade. Completed in the 15th millenary and teleborg escapade designed 1900. It becomes a spiritual center in the 12th millenary ; when its first cathedral was develop by sigfrid. Visby: The island investing, the metropolis of flower and rains on the North West seashore of Gotland is the chair of the authorities of Gotland state and the bishop. Within its environing surface it has environing much of its antediluvian ambiance and obtained the name of UNESCO Earth civilization site. Great possible for foreign Developers: However, turning demand on new attractive force. Accommodation and fuel wadding experiences produce the investing for touristry industry. Some of the turning chances in touristry nutrient, escapade touristry, ecosystem and ski ; Demand were increasing by the adjustment and substructure this are acquiring big investing in Sweden, with many and assorted chances for foreign investors, touristry enterpriser, existent estate, companies activity, hotel and adjustment companies etc. They are supplying the supply of 36000 suites and 2000 hotels in Sweden. It is non plenty to run into travellers demand. Here deficit of remaining on the topographic point in different sections from electromotive forces, vacation cabins, budget hotels, to five and four star hotels with wellness attention installations. Sweden touristry is acquiring rise, October to May in long ground. Snow autumn is guaranteed the Sweden ski resorts are increasing popularity. Ski passes on another record in term of 2009/10 season, traveller s volume, nag and turnover. Services adjustment ski lifts betterments are the demand for big investing in ski resort finish. Foreign travellers to ski resort are bring forthing due to more direct flights and charter flights to the immense ski resorts. It is besides regarded as snow land, less exploited and alien resorts in Europe. The one-year gross revenues growing of ski resort 2009/10 gross revenues growing got million SEK. They are measuring on keeping finish is stronger and stronger. Most likely market of domestic touristry was of import for vacation nine. They have batch of money, so they were basking their vacations. PEST Analysis: Political: Name of the state is Sweden ; their legal system is based on 1974 fundamental law Carl XVI Gustaf has male monarch in Sweden ; he is the caput of province, 349 members of subjects legislative assembly in Swedish parliament. Actually every four old ages election could be held and cleared that the male monarch has election could be held and cleared that the old ages the male monarch has no function drama in authorities. Risks dekagram is set a new universe record in the 2006 election they were 47 % adult females were members elected. Chief parties: Politically Sweden is stable and it is really safe state. Corruptness was to the full implemented by jurisprudence on corruptness in Sweden. The chief parties are moderate party, people s party Centre party, Democratic Party, left party. The Eighty five per centum of the population connected to the cathedral of Norway which is Lutheran. The academic plan gets to the whole dwellers and the cognition sum is 90 nine per centums. In 1999, twenty four per centum of the population outdated 16 to seventy four old ages had a university instruction of at least two old ages. Highest focal point on the population considered in the seaside countries and the southern portion. Swedish are the prevailing civilization group. Other citizen consists of in-migration from Finland south portion of United States, the centre eastern. Economic: The chief construction is the responsible for economic upturn, due to Sweden authorities gross in policies required to carry through a intent of considerable lessening in harm of assets using and holding good entree to Sweden s capital market of concern. Long term unemployment: The power of labour market policy could be better their preparation, which needed it most and acquiring ability in built the cooperation between establishments. Reforms in the revenue enhancement system and societal benefits to the right inducements for provide increasing the working hours. Portfolio investing and capital markets: recognition is made by available in international man of affairs in an impartial manner. The private companies are supplying entree to a assortment of recognition instruments. The cardinal bank is concentrating on bring forthing the foreign cooperation. The coordination determines among 20 five to forty nine twelvemonth old was 30 one per centums were females contributed in the employees is besides great, representing 40 eight per centums of the labour power in 1998. However, portion clip perform is more frequent among adult females than work forces. Life demands are among the biggest in universe and the GDP per house clasp, measured as purchasing power equality modified dollars, came to 20789 in 1999. In the 2000 Sweden was ranked 6th by united state homo development. Sociable: Swedish people really punctual and they do nt smoke in public topographic points. Personal wont of the Swedish people is taking the places outside the place. Sweden pupils are really relaxed but they are willing to assist others. Technology: Based on web reading index 2009/10 state of Sweden economic system is ranked first and they scored 5.65 on the top of the study of planetary information engineering. The study plays a major function of ICT. Legal: A jurisprudence of Sweden provides a assortment of theoretical accounts under a concern can be established. Act ( 1992:160 ) Sweden jurisprudence applies to aboard companies running with some other types of concern the international subdivision s president must be available within the EEA. Each and every company in Sweden is needed to register at the Sweden Company s enrollment office. Legal protection of the trade grade must be registered in Sweden it can be obtained. Three Range of old ages: However, Vision of Sweden in 2022 that is after 10 old ages, Sweden key industry is touristry it merely making the gross for the state $ 1.7 billion. It will stay the cardinal challenges scheme of person to turn to our possible identifies of encompassing a new challenges approach to stronger industry and right to the part of firmly on the universe phase of sing finish. The procedure of indispensable ongoing concern from 100s of alone tourer is the bed stone of the client s experience when sing the Sweden. The degree of cooperation to environ something range of the confirming is unparallel within the part and it s a first for regional touristry organisation within the experience. Tourism organisation believes taking new thoughts to demo their cooperation with indispensable for the parts and alone concern to acquire win. We have explained the experience more than fabulous service or merchandise to merchandise by an single company. And we have understood our rivals ; they are New Zealand and California competition for touristry and travellers is increasing and understanding as tourer is important. The agenda is based by singular research and it s based on part of our visitants by their travel and societal demands. However, they are traveling frontward to carry on athleticss touristry, adventure touristry, wildlife touristry, hotels and resorts supplying with batch of invention in Sweden. Tourism musca volitanss were creates freshly to foreign visitants to acquiring their good experience to happen the good things in the state. Vision of Sweden in 2030, Industry of touristry is return to put the manner to travel frontward in the approaching old ages. Although, due based on the assorted betterment that are set of maps in the touristry sectors. Tourism is the cardinal operation of the Sweden s gross devising industry. It was of import to an organisation all Torahs in authorities of Sweden in antecedently the animadversion to sector of smoothly running of the organisations. The facts happening in assorted degrees of touristry factors in the state that chiefly produced in frame plants and cooperation between two states on value of touristry. To keep low peace of growing in Sweden touristry to the high degrees of in security legal frame plants, deficiency of policies and hapless roads. Vision of Sweden in 2035, transit and development program for Sweden and they linking with developing the parts. Promoting their thoughts in large screen symptoms with neon paper. In a motor train merely one vehicle has to steer consequences in reduced air opposition. Key in order to advance analysis and confirm research consequences such as presentation and lead characteristics, proto types, research construction or market examining, needs broad cooperation between the market and those who will be utilizing the new constituents and merchandises. A cooperation plan should be funded reciprocally by the universe of company and the authorities to do certain external respiration and to supply chance for new gamers and company countries that do non exists in the present industry and to do certain top quality. Sustainability: Sustainability touristry is one of the chief value or demands for the state in present status without compromising the necessity of future coevals. Industry of touristry has two chief demands to equilibrate the sustainability touristry, environmental cost and societal goods. Visit Sweden, together with our associate in the touristry industry. Targeting on chosen classs of company and enjoyment of travellers and people who are good informed tourer s worldwide witting and environmental aware, our dressed ore on squad research tell us that many people internet market with environmental attention, a consequence of our strong natural information. We understand this to intend that they anticipating with its several natural beginnings to instantly care for its exterior. Sweden Expectations: Sweden is considered as a state that performed wittingly with lastingness and that likes you about its dwellers, its companies it s environing and its features. Many tourers believe that Sweden, with its environment friendly dwellers works decidedly for maintainable development. Customer behaviour: Customer consciousness of environment jobs and lastingness is increasing and maintainable picks are increasingly available. More and more people experience they want to play a function decidedly to a maintainable. The tourer who visit Sweden aims are world-wide cognizant, have comparatively great earning and are knowing tourers who seek new interesting finishs. Sweden creditability: Sweden and Swedish locations can supply maintainable merchandises and discourse them in a dependable manner. Sweden is already good known with regard to lastingness jobs and harmonizing to the Earth fiscal community is the state that is best placed to carry through maintainable growing. In some states Sweden is seen as a pioneer in maintainable location. Furthermore, these yearss many states are concentrating steadfastly on lastingness jobs and on turning these message to the loosen uping the universe. Hazards: Other states will work intensively and systematically on sustainable development to be able to heighten their state s natural information. The hazards here is the Sweden could cut down its powerful topographic point in the sustainability place, lastingness particularly in types other than environment can be disputing to link to prospective travellers in sample manner. For illustration most making techniques and many travellers lack the indispensable information to do logical options when booking a journey or a conference. Guidelines or other countrywide demands can avoid the development of handiness or other facets of benefits to environmental travel. These can dwell of different paths sizes or a regulation for high velocity Teachs to environment travel, entry to replace powers and constructs alterations for tourer. Future rivals for Sweden: Visit Sweden s require contains deriving as many international concern and enjoyment tourers as possible to Sweden to carry through increased growing and income for the Sweden travel and enjoyment market and the Swedish province. This places important demand on the assignment a long term development of Sweden touristry industry. Visit Sweden needs to increase attending of maintainable journey with the aim of giving the visitants the information and resource to do consciously picks for maintainable journey of Sweden is designed to be such an attention-getting, sustainable location making it an interesting pick for increasing Numberss of invitees. Sweden manner to the mark: Sweden has many possibilities to detect in its facets as Communications Company. Focused publicities should stress the maintainable picks at the same times as it reduces through the perturbation to our prioritized group. This is the lone manner to make these things in 2020 our mark will success with sustainable finish and travel industry gross will increase. Decision: Sweden location in the Norse Peninsula, at the northern portion of Europe, surrounded by sea every bit good as land multitudes of Norway, Finland, Denmark on the other makes it a perfect location for leisure travel. Its comparative intimacy to the sea paths of England makes it an ideal topographic point to see. It has so many things to offer a tourer who arrives in Sweden. From its civilization, hot spots climatic conditions, it has improved its touristry by spring and bounds. From being a land of power to a state of peace Sweden has hopped along a long manner. It will go on to remain in front, sing the state s economic stableness and the resources it has to offer. Peoples going into Europe make their manner into Sweden, being a portion of the European Union helps their cause. Country s touristry remains the states anchor. Bing a safe state adds to its cause. Friendly people and their civilization attracts a batch of tourers from other continents every bit good as from within Europe every bit good. Government s enterprises to advance touristry have helped it accomplish heroic poem success in pulling tourer. The conveyance has been a major factor in touristry, tourer prefer faster, better and cheaper conveyances. Sweden has a good connected train and roadways system. It has linking train to several parts of Europe doing it easy accessible. Invest Sweden has been a concern publicity activity controlled by the Sweden authorities. This enables tourers to happen their involvement to make concern in Sweden. This enables tourers to spread out their concerns into Sweden, or be spouses in bing concern by puting. The flexibleness of the authorities all ow tourer to settle down in their state. With occupation chances available, Sweden will shortly go a booming finish for young person and blooming economic system. It is circle that is said to travel on. With attractive finishs to offer and with the authorities advancing touristry as a major portfolio, tourers and touristry will boom in the close hereafter and clip to come.

4 Reasons You Should Take the SAT

4 Reasons You Should Take the SAT As graduation nears, tons of high school students are asking themselves this question: Why should I take the SAT? Many colleges and universities out there dont require the SAT, and theyd rather get into a university that doesnt force them to take even more standardized tests. Thats a great question, and there are some very good reasons for you to just take the SAT, even if you dont want to. Read below to see the benefits you can get from making the choice to sit for the exam. The Universally Accepted Test If youre going to college, you kind of have to take a college entrance exam like the SAT if youre attending a school that requires one (some do not). All major universities in the United States accept the SAT as a college entrance exam; most accept the ACT. Scholarships Scholarships, kids! Yes. Money often follows an impressive SAT score. Check into your college of choices SAT scholarship requirements. Many schools dole out huge bucks for great SAT scores. For instance, St. Louis university has awarded $15,000 merit scholarships for a 1210 on the combined Reading and Math scores. Villanova has given more than $10,000 for a 1310. Your school doesnt offer cash for your score? No worries.  Even if your college or university doesnt offer scholarships for your SAT score, many community organizations and foundations do. Trust me, youll appreciate not having to pay back school loans when youre all grown up if you can get much of your tuition covered with a test, so get out there and  practice for the SAT  until your fingers bleed. Balance a Low GPA So maybe you hated your World History teacher, flunked the class to spite her, and ruined that 4.0. That doesn’t mean you dont have the brain skills to survive college. Scoring high on the SAT can show off your smarts to the college admissions team when your GPA doesn’t. And yes, although admissions committees take a look at you as a whole person, not just at your SAT score, it  is  one of the pieces that makes up the picture of you. You want it to be good.   Your Scores Follow You Around I’m not kidding. When you apply for your first entry-level job, your SAT scores (if theyre good enough) are going to be on your resume, because truthfully, your pizza delivery gig can’t showcase your reasoning ability like a 90th percentile on the SAT can. You wont have a lot of job experience right off the bat. Take the SAT to prove to your first future employer that you have the smarts to be successful at your job, even if intelligence is NOT really one of the things the SAT predicts or measures.   Here are the Top SAT Registration Questions to get you started on your SAT journey. Good luck!

The Cold War in Berlin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Cold War in Berlin - Research Paper Example He stated that if one was claiming that communism was good, he should come to West Berlin and see the capitalism taste. This was meant to demonstrate how well the capitalism ideology had spurred significant economic growth and political freedom in West Berlin. He also asserted that dividing people and putting them under oppression was not only contravention of individual human rights but a recipe to economic backwardness. He reiterated the need for a united people and pursuit of capitalism which was characterized by democracy â€Å"Freedom has many difficulties, and democracy is not perfect But we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us!† He demonstrated how West Berlin had prospered despite being physically separated from the rest of the world and directly championed for adoption of democracy as a tool towards capitalism before he gave a closing remark amidst a cheering crowd of how proud he was to be a West Berliner (Smyser, 200 9).It is worth to note that John. Kennedy’s visit was also meant for a meeting with the Soviet Union Leader Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna Austria for a retreat in terms of the oppressive rule over the East Berlin people. The meeting ended in a stalemate and increased tension between US and Soviet Union. At some point, the US threatened to react with military force if their rights in West Berlin were interfered with in any way by the communist Soviet Union. To achieve this, the second wall which was known as border wall 75 was created in 1975.

Post War Australian Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Post War Australian Art - Essay Example Imants  Tillers' greatest motivation is the production of pieces of artwork that show concerns regarding locality and place while also making evocations of the Australian landscape. Between 1974 and 1975, Imants produced Conversations with the bride. The piece of art typifies the installation media category. The installation provides a notable dialogue between Imants’ painting and Marcel Duchamp’s well-known painting entitled The bride stripped bare by her bachelors, even. Duchamp’s painting is also referred to as The large glass. Imants’ Conversations with the bride is a compilation of at least 112 miniature photographs and paintings (Hart & Tillers 2006, p. 9). These photos and paintings are set on multiple aluminum tripods with every image in the compilation being appropriated from The large glass by Duchamp.In addition, Conversations with the bride also appropriates images of Hans Heysen’s watercolor Summer of 1909, which had a characteristic Australian landscape, consisting particularly of gum and eucalyptus trees. This calls to mind the magnificent forces of nature that is similar to the 19th century Romantic landscapes. The large glass and Summer were painted approximately the same time, and as a consequence, Imants perceives them as equally representative of Australian cultural values (Stephen 2003, p. 16). These art pieces were sympathetic to Imants’ views at the time, especially with regard to Imants’ feelings regarding the element of the fourth dimension, which is also evident in Duchamp’s artwork. Imants researches a lot of sources, collecting necessary documentation vital for the compilation of the images inherent in the Conversations with the bride compilation. Conversations with the bride represent the painter’s post-modern strategy, which encompasses approaches such as intertextuality. Here, Imants’ artistic work elucidates the link between the artwork, the viewer and the ar tist. This relationship is exemplified through the use of layering whereby contemporary and historical references from both literature and art are comingled.  

One Day on the River Essay Example for Free

One Day on the River Essay Elijah has grander and more dangerous dreams. Having been largely acculturated by a residential school upbringing before escaping into the forest to live with Xavier and Niska, he has acquired the dubious skills of public relations and boastfulness as much as the crafts of the hunter. His English, learned from the nuns, is impeccable, and he makes his mark among the men in the trenches as much by the flash of his storytelling as by his murderous midnight prowls in no man’s land. Gradually Elijah becomes imprisoned by two great obsessions: a need for morphine, whose use is rampant up and down the lines, and an insatiable hunger for killing. Some French soldiers suggest that if he really wants to gain respect for all his kills, he should scalp his victims as evidence. He decides to do so, much to Xavier’s disgust. In counterpoint to the exploits of Xavier and Elijah, Boyden interweaves the story of Niska, told as she paddles her wounded nephew back home after the war is over. Niska is part of the sad but admirable remnant of traditional natives who refused to enter the reserves in the 19th century, choosing instead to live by their wits and traditional teachings in the woods. Subject to what modern medicine would call epileptic seizures, Niska is deemed by her tribe to have inherited her father’s skills as a shaman and a windigo-killer. Since windigos manifest themselves in humans who have practiced cannibalism, getting rid of them involves what white society would call murder, and indeed Niska’s father was executed as a murderer by the white courts. The constant crossing of the moral lines between the worldviews of native and white society is one of the many strengths of this fascinating novel. At one point, hunkered down in his sniper’s nest, Xavier indulges himself (and the reader) in a contemplation on the number three, which he sees as an obsession of his white commanders. There’s the front line, the support line, and the reserve line, for starters. There’s the infantry, the cavalry, and the artillery. Off the battlefield, there’s food, then rest, then women. In church, there’s the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Not to mention the superstition about lighting three cigarettes with one match, a prime metaphor for courting danger in the Great War. But then Xavier suddenly remembers Niska’s traditional teaching, that those who are dying must walk the three-day road to death, and he wonders â€Å"if we share something, some magic. Maybe it will help me get through all this.† The real war hero, Peggy, makes a brief cameo appearance in the novel, which may not have been a wise choice on the author’s part. The characters of Xavier and Niska and, to a slightly lesser extent, Elijah are full to the brim with life – they’re quite satisfying and believable as they are, and need no further stamp of authentication.

Gender Stereotype Essay -- essays papers

Gender Stereotype According to the writers in chapter, â€Å"Gender Stereotyping And the Media†, gender stereotypes are harmful to men and women. Gender stereotypes set impossible standards for men and women that lead to unhappiness, loneliness and possibly violence towards themselves. Stereotypes affect relationships between a man and a woman. Moreover, stereotypes dictate the behavior of boys and girls that lead to violence. Rather than combating gender stereotypes, our society reinforces stereotypes by passing them to the next generation and giving labels and names to the people who do not conform to the stereotypes. Hence, the dichotomy is that our society buys into the stereotypes that reinforce abuse, while tying to remove violence from our society. Traditional female stereotypes rigidly emphasize the belief that women must perform the specific role that are assigned to them. From a traditional perspective, â€Å"femininity is characterized by passivity and sumission.† (Devor P.169) Feminine characteristics of passivity and submission allow women to best fulfill t...

The Veldt

Paragraph- â€Å"The Veldt† Theme In the short story, â€Å"The Veldt†, written by Ray Bradbury reveals the odds by creating a machine that only allows children to detach emotionally from their parents and their loss of innocence. Lydia and George Hedley live in a Happy life home a technological marvel that automatically tends to their every need which dresses them, cooks the food, brushes their teeth, and even rocks them to sleep. The house also contains a high-tech nursery. The nursery turns into any scenery the children imagine about in that room.Children are usually naive and silly. But in this story children lose their innocence gradually because they feel abandoned and alienation. The children feel abandoned by their parents when they were left in the care of a technological baby sitter which led them to lose their innocence. When  George and Lydia realized that there is something wrong with their way of life. George and Lydia are also perplexed that the nursery is stuck on an African setting, with lions in the distance, eating the dead carcass of what they assume to be an animal.There they also find recreations of their personal belongings, wondering why their children are so concerned with this scene of death. Therefore, they decide to call a psychologist. The psychiatrist evaluated that the children and he said to the parents that the children need treatment. Both of the children feel abandoned by their parents so they activated the room into a veldt where they imagine that they are looking for their missing parents because of the insufficient time their parents give them.In one point the psychiatrist says: â€Å"You’ve let this room and this house replaces you and your wife in your children’s affections. This room is their mother and father, far more important in their lives than their real parents. † In this story man is destroyed by their machines in two ways: not only are George and Lydia were murdered by the nu rsery’s technology, but the children’s humanity is also destroyed. By identifying so closely with the nursery, the children have become less than human.They feel no guilt, remorse or regret when their parents died, and it was clear that they have become as cold and emotionless as the machinery that controls the nursery. Children often feel powerless against adults and create elaborate sceneries in their heads in which they have the power to conquer any adult who refuses to give them what they want. George triggers these fantasies in Peter and Wendy when he threatens them to turn off the nursery. The children are used to getting their own way, and they become very angry when they cannot have what they want and the cycle of revenge starts in which they end up murdering their own parents.When David McClean the psychiatrist asked the children where their parents are when they were on their way to New York it says in the story â€Å"The children looked up and smiled. †˜Oh, they’ll be here directly. ’† Even though they were the ones who killed their parents, they feel no emotions at all. In conclusion people would say that children are usually harmless and full of life but in the story â€Å"The veldt† because they felt abandoned by their parents and because of alienation Peter and Wendy gradually lost their innocence.

Discussion on the Civil Rights Movement

1. How were black people prevented from voting despite the provisions of the Fifteenth Amendment?The 15th amendment was intended to prohibit discrimination against voters on the basis of race or prior situations entailing servitude. Preceding the implementation of the amendment, each individual state had full authority to govern voter qualifications, and hence prohibited African Americans from voting. The primary objectives behind the 15th amendment were to establish Republican authority over the North and South, which would be accomplished with the votes of African Americans. The proposition passed in 1869, and was approved by the majority of states in 1870. In a sense, the amendment was both successful and ineffective. Despite the fact that African Americans had the freedom to vote, resistance from those who opposed the amendment was strong. Opposition fought in many ways from violent voter intimidation to the establishment of grandfather clauses and poll taxes. This discouragement puts Africans Americans desiring to vote at a disadvantage, and the intimidation often kept them out of the polling booths.2. Describe the process by which the separation between white and black Americans developed and was institutionalized throughout the South in the late 19th century.Following the thirteenth amendment which abolished slavery in the United States, discrimination on the basis of race became a common occurrence by means of the establishment of the Jim Crow laws. These laws required the severe segregation of individuals based on racial background. To be specific, the Jim Crow laws led to the segregation of the military, public schools, public transportation, restrooms and restaurants for Africans Americans and whites, and were enacted from 1876 to 1965.These were not to be confused with the Black Codes from 1800 to 1866, which limited the civil rights and liberties of African Americans. By 1954, segregated educational institutions sponsored by the state were deemed u nconstitutional. By 1968, segregation was deemed unconstitutional, and it was disbanded by 1970. Racial discrimination in schools, businesses, the military, and the government became unlawful. Furthermore, separate bathrooms, drinking fountains and schools have vanished altogether in part due to the civil rights movement.3. Assess the impact of President Roosevelt’s New Deal programs on African Americans and the role of African Americans in his administrations. Be sure to comment on positive and negative impacts on African Americans.Roosevelt’s New Deal has three primary objectives. The first was to aid the millions of Americans in financial suffering. The second was to boost the economy, and the third was to pass new laws in order to reduce the number of poor. The New Deal was also known as the three R’s: relief, recovery and reform. Many relief measures were established in a great effort to provide jobs to thousands of men, as well as agencies that gave money to the states to assist the very poor. Two laws were also implemented in an attempt to aid economic recovery. The first founded the National Recovery Administration, which would bring together businesses, employees, and the government in an effort to control competition amid businesses and protect workers seeking to organize unions. This particular goal, however, proved to be unsuccessful, as it favored only large businesses, most of which failed to follow the codes.4. Of the many African-American heroes and heroines in the 1940s and 1950s, which of them had the greatest impact on American society and why?In my personal belief, Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) had the greatest impact on American Society. From 1957 to 1968, King traveled more than six million miles and spoke more than twenty five hundred times wherever he felt there existed injustice, riots and activity. King was the author of five books, and published several articles. â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† w as one particular work which caught the attention of many across the globe.He directed many â€Å"peaceful† protests (marches), one of which brought 250,000 people to Washington D.C. where he gave his infamous speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream†. King was arrested more than twenty times, but was nevertheless awarded five honorary degrees and named Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1963. At the mere age of 35, King was the youngest man to ever receive a Nobel Peace Prize. Assassinated in 1968, King will always remain a leader among African Americans for his relentless efforts in fighting for the civil rights and liberties of blacks in his time.5. What role did â€Å"ordinary† or local people play in the civil rights movement? How did children contribute to the overall struggle for social change?Many children contributed to the struggle for equality among blacks and whites in America. For instance, students participated in a sit-in on February 1st of 1960. The inciden t took place at Woolworth’s store in Greensboro, North Carolina, where four students (originally from an all-black college) sat at the segregated lunch counter to protest the policy of excluding blacks. The sit-in inspired many more of its kind throughout various other states such as Georgia and Tennessee. Furthermore, many â€Å"ordinary† locals played a role in the civil rights movement.Freedom rides in 1961 for example were a means of protesting the segregation on interstate buses in the south. Eventually, these activists succeeded at ending segregation for passengers participating in inter-sate travel. Black voter registration organizing was another means by which local citizens could participate in the civil rights movement. This involved an organization that would assist black voters with registering, and to build organizations within the community. Clearly, without the participation from locals, these plans would have never been successful.6. Why do to white Ame ricans tend to live longer than black Americans? How has the black community dealt with the problems of AIDs/HIV?The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention discovered that 48% of African American women and 39% of African American men in the United States were infected with genital herpes in comparison with the general U.S. figures of 21% and 11.5%.The AIDS epidemic has spread swiftly amid the African American population. By 1988, half of all AIDS cases identified in females in the United States were of African Americans.One of the first groups to assist in gaining awareness of the AIDS epidemic among African Americans was the group, BWMT (Black and White Men Together), a gay community group based in San Francisco. The group also gave rise to America’s first black AIDS organization, the National Task Force on AIDS Prevention. There are many social and economic factors that have led to higher levels of sexual HIV transmission amid African Americans. Higher levels of ST Ds among blacks for instance, ease sexual transmission of HIV.

The Formula for the Combined Gas Law

The Formula for the Combined Gas Law The combined gas law ties together Boyles law, Charles law, and Gay-Lussacs law. Basically, it states that as long as the amount of gas doesnt change, the ratio between the pressure-volume and temperature of a system is a constant. There is no discoverer of the law as it simply puts together concepts from other cases of the ideal gas law. The Combined Gas Law Formula The combined gas law examines the behavior of a constant amount of gas when pressure, volume and/or temperature is allowed to change. The simplest mathematical formula for the combined gas law is: k PV/T In words,  the product of pressure multiplied by volume and divided by temperature is a constant. However, the law is usually used to compare before/after conditions. The combined gas law is expressed as: PiVi/Ti PfVf/Tf where: Pi initial pressureVi initial volumeTi initial absolute temperaturePf final pressureVf final volumeTf final absolute temperature It is extremely important to remember that the temperatures are absolute temperatures measured in Kelvin, NOT  °C or  °F. It is also important to keep your units constant. Do not use pounds per square inch for pressures initially to find Pascals in the final solution. Uses of the Combined Gas Law The combined gas law has practical applications in situations where pressure, volume, or temperature can change. It is used in engineering, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and meteorology. For example, it can be used to predict cloud formation and the behavior of refrigerants in air conditioners and refrigerators.

Completing an Argumentative Essay on Pros and Cons of Abortions

Completing an Argumentative Essay on Pros and Cons of Abortions Completing an Argumentative Essay on Pros and Cons of Abortions There are many topics, which stir interest of the public and can rise hot discussions not depending where it takes place: in a class, among friends or during presidential debates. One of them is whether abortion is legal, so many professors decide to assign an argumentative essay on this complex subject. Some people think that abortion may be called a murder and it should be prohibited by all the authorities. On the other hand, some supporters believe that parents have a right to decide until the baby is born. That is why such a debatable issue is a perfect topic for a discussion. You may think that discussing such topics may be an impossible task but let us assure you that knowing all the aspects and tips it is quite achievable! How to start an essay on abortion One of the biggest challenges you have, when writing an argumentative essay is that you need to put aside all your emotions and concentrate on the facts. Of course, you may have your personal opinion on abortions but before starting an essay, you need to leave aside emotions and prejudice to give objective information on the matter. At first, you may find it very difficult to follow the facts, when sticking to your personal beliefs. But with time and practice, it will be easier for you to put aside all the emotions and stay true to the formality and facts. All the arguments in your essay should be backed with credible information, philosophical support and academic argumentations. That is why you should always start with a research on the topic. How a perfect research looks like The biggest challenge of making a research is that you will have to face information, which may be not as credible as you wished. In most of the times, looking for such data online, you will find websites with false data and it will only do you harm. That is why, if you want to complete a thoughtful argumentative essay on abortion, you need to use only credible sources and materials, which you find in various books, philosophical papers and scientific researches. How to complete ‘pros and cons’ essays The style and the structure of your paper may greatly depend on whether you want to support pro-life or pro-choice beliefs, so first you need to make sure which side you are going to highlight. Here are the main things you need to consider: Make sure the reader understands what side you are one. It doesn’t mean that you need to provide your personal opinion on the matter but it is important to concentrate on a certain side of the topic, even if you choose to take the middle road; Always research the reasons of both sides to make sure you clearly understand the subject. For example, those, who stand on a pro-life position, claim that a fetus of only ten weeks old already has arms, legs and looks like a human being. On contrary, pro-choice activists discuss whether a fetus can be called a person; When you complete a research paper on abortion, always study the arguments of the opposition, as you will be able to fight back and prepare facts to support your point of views; When completing an argumentative essay on abortion or any other controversial topic, always rely on facts and complete a thorough research, providing all the details in a scientific and objective way. Following this rule will help you to avoid misunderstanding and obtain high grades. Hopefully, these simple rules will help you to write an essay on abortion and avoid all the difficulties any argumentative essay may bring.

Customer Service Justification Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Customer Service Justification - Assignment Example This report was written to help Crane Worldwide to solve the rising demand for round the clock customer service. The company has been growing at a very fast pace, which is why it is currently overwhelmed by many customer service demands. The report analyzes two alternatives, Telecommute (Alternative A) and Hiring of Personnel in different time zones (Alternative B). The company requires the alternatives to be evaluated based on cost, desirability, implementation, teamwork, and time management. An extensive evaluation of the two methods shows that Crane Worldwide would benefit more if it implements Alternative A. It is cheaper, faster, and better than Alternative B. Overview of Alternatives The following two alternatives considered in this report meets Crane Worldwide criteria: Alternative A – Telecommute: The Company can opt to hire customer service representatives from one country who can telecommute. It is flexible and fast relatively cheaper. Currently, many global companie s are using this approach to meet the extra customer service demand. Alternative B – Hire personnel in different time zones: The Company can decide to hire workers in different time zones, which makes it possible to adopt the â€Å"follow-the-sun† approach to customer care service. It means customers can be served anywhere anytime. The services not interrupted by the time. The creation of different teams in different time zones means that can be divided to meet the needs of all the customers. Criteria

Ethical Code for Financial Management Assignment

Ethical Code for Financial Management - Assignment Example However, the codes do not define the organizational culture in regards to its role in improving the ethical environment and nature of employees. In comparison to my organization, the codes are similar. In my organization, staffs have a personal and professional role to perform tasks as required by the institution, state and the community. Moreover, employees are required to relate to partners, subordinates and peers in the workplace and community in a respectable and ethical way. Similar to Eli Lilly and Company, all employee are required to safeguard tangible and intangible assets under their mandate (Eli Lily and Company, 2014). Additionally, accurate information on the assets should be provided upon request. The ethical requirements are attached to an employment agreement provided prior to placement. In an argument Chun et.al (2013) the performance of an organization is determined by the ethical performance relationship in the workplace. Similarly, in financial management the requirement to ensure an exceptional ethical performance relationship reflects on the results obtained. The value of the financial performance of an organization is determined by their corporate social responsibility (Perrini et.al, 2011). Consequently, the efficiency of the ethical codes employed by an organization increases its financial performance value. In addition, ethical employee behavior in the department minimizes errors and malpractices thus increasing its efficiency and performance. Chun, J. S., Shin, Y., Choi, J., & Kim, M. S. (2013). How Does Corporate Ethics Contribute to Firm Financial Performance? The Mediating Role of Collective Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Management, 39, (4): 853-877. Eli Lily and Company. (2014). Code of ethical conduct for financial management. Retrieved from

Business policy-strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business policy-strategic management - Essay Example Internet ticketing is another long-term objective in the strategy of Southwest airline. It arranges its bookings online for its reliable customers to save time and the hassle involved in seat reservations. This long-term objective seeks to make it continue to run its resources efficiently and ensure a stringent approach based on qualitative customer participation and estimated future occurrences. Southwest airlines seek to have extended operations (ETOPS) documentation to fly over water. They already have an airplane to achieve this goal, and just need appropriate documentation to start their services in Hawaii. The airline plans to adopt a new seating arrangement that has a new design and more row seats. This will help it generate additional revenue. The seating arrangement will be adopted in several airplanes, and customers are already showing their satisfaction in the new development. Another long-term objective that involves safety is to provide Ramp Employees in its system with hands-free wireless headsets. This is in the quest to make it possible for pilots and the ground crew to communicate and synchronize the push back of planes from open space gates in an efficient manner. The airline seeks to improve its fuel efficiency in the coming years. It seeks to achieve this through power conservation on the ground, development of optimum cruising speeds in order to cut down emissions. Next generation fuel-efficient jets seek to replace their traditional aircrafts (Panchuk,

History and Demographics of Myanmar

History and Demographics of Myanmar Introduction Myanmar (Burma renamed Myanmar in 1989) has never seen sustained conflict-free periods since its independence in 1948. The military has ruled the country since 1962. In 1988, pro-democracy protests were crushed. In 1990, free and fair national elections were held in Myanmar for the first time in 30 years. The National League for Democracy, the main political movement led by Mrs Aung San Suu Kyi (1991 Nobel Peace Prize laureate), won 62% of the votes and 82% of the seats in elections.[1] While the purpose of these elections was never made fully clear (either to create a Constituent Assembly or a legislative Parliament), the military regime refused to honour the result. Since then, the senior political leaders and the army have remained the beneficiaries of the countrys self and externally imposed isolation. The population continues to live under political oppression, aggravated by economic difficulties. Detentions, intimidation and political oppression of activists are common place. In 2003, the military government presented a seven-step ‘roadmap for constitutional and political reform towards a ‘disciplined democracy. The first face of this roadmap was launched in 2004, with the reconvening of the National Convention to deliberate on basic principles for a new Constitution. Then in December 2007, the process of drafting a Constitution, based on those basic principles, began.[2] Unlike other political groups invited, the NLD refused to take part in the process. Although these first steps might indicate progress, the roadmap has come under criticism for being non-inclusive and lacking credibility. The economic situation stays highly problematic and potentially de-stabilising. The poor data quality and dubious governments statistics, which point to double-digit economic growth, are highly misleading to outside observers and attempt to obscure the countrys dire humanitarian situation. Because of political constraints, donor assistance levels to Myanmar remain grossly insufficient to cover the needs of the general population. In mid-August 2007, as a result of the dismal economic situation, street demonstrations were sparked over a sudden increase in fuel prices. The demonstrations grew into a nation-wide protest against the regimes policies. The Myanmar Sangha an influential institution in society showed overwhelming support for the protests. The government responded with a violent crackdown on the peaceful protests. This crackdown was condemned by the international community, which consequently renewed its pressure on the regime for political reform. As a result the European Union extended their existing sanctions on Myanmar in November 2007. Thus far, European sanctions do not seem to have pushed the government in the desired direction, and they may even have produced counterproductive effects. These include a hardened stance by the government, negative impact on Myanmar civil society and an undermining of the economy at large. Its often said that sanctions are, in and of themselves, a form of violence, employed as a political tool used for rhetoric rather that to create meaningful change. Nevertheless, it is questionable whether Myanmars progress towards a functional democracy would be accelerated by the absence of economic sanctions. The military government adheres to its Roadmap to ‘disciplined democracy, which can best be described as a fully controlled, slow transition to semi-civilian rule. This proceeds at the pace conducive to the generals in charge, protecting their interests and largely disregarding external criticism or pressure. In the governments point of view, Western sanctions are a hostile reaction towards its declared intention for a (controlled) transition. Since the SPDC can rely on sources of income outside the purview of sanctions (energy, commodities, etc.) it is hard to imagine that the regime will deviate from its declared goals as a reaction to sanctions or Western pressure. While experts often argue that economic sanctions have no impact on a targeted country, this report seeks to provide evidence of sanctions applied against Myanmar that have an economic, social and the political impact. For supporting this thesis the focus will be on the restrictive measures imposed by the European Union. It reviews the European Unions existing policies ‘supporting Myanmar to become a peaceful, democratic and prosperous country. Moreover, it will show that it is not enough to wait for a political breakthrough. Evidence suggests all sides, including the international community should have the courage to move away from these entrenched positions and try a different approach. After having given the necessary background and having shown why restrictive measures are applied by western communities, this report will provide recommendations for a different approach towards democracy in Myanmar. 1. Background In June 1989, the ruling military junta changed its name from Union of Burma to Myanmar, one year after the brutally suppressing of pro-democracy protests, where thousands were killed. The military junta claimed this name would be more neutral for a state of a huge ethnic diversity. Thus it would lead to greater harmony among the countrys desperate people and provide them a feeling of release from their British colonial past. The capitals name was also changed from Rangoon to Yangon.[3] The new name was accepted by most countries, including the United Nations, as a privilege of the Burmese government in power, but was not accepted by the United States.[4] Both terms are commonly used, with some people referring to the country as Burma and others referring to it as Myanmar. The same is also true for Rangoon; most people are more familiar with this name than Yangon. Myanmar is the largest country in Southeast Asia and in many ways a country defined by its geography, isolated and yet with a wealth of opportunities to work with its neighbouring countries. The country borders China, India, Bangladesh, Laos and Thailand. Much of the country is the valley of the Irrawaddy River, which runs north to south, from the icy eastern curve of the Himalayas down over a thousand miles to the brackish tidal waters of the Andaman Sea.[5] To better understand modern Myanmar and the reasons behind its self-imposed isolation, their needs to be a greater focus on historical context. The inherent complexity of the issues involved is easier to understand if the various historical forces are analysed separately. The different strands of history, described below, will finally come together and shape the present and show that current issues which today concern the state are mainly rooted in the countrys complex and often dubious institutions and history. Indeed, it can be argued that the countrys current situation is a result of often well-meaning but definitely foolhardy attempts to apply popular political measures to a fragile system of social imperative. â€Å"Nationalism†, â€Å"socialism†, and â€Å"autarky†, as well as â€Å"federalism†, â€Å"autonomy† and â€Å"centralisation†, are systems that have been used by political rulers in post-colonial Myanmar.[6] 1.1 Colonial Past Myanmar was relatively distinct, coherent, and autonomous for almost 1,000 years before the British annexed the country in the 19th century.[7] The first Burmese empire was founded in the 11th century. Many communities which lived in remote places were rarely brought under central domination, but remained relatively distinct from each other in matters such as language, culture, patterns of production, and political traditions.[8] Burman kings built glorious capitals like Pagan and Mandalay and ruled over a rich and thriving civilisation. Moreover, they benefited from an increasing population and revenues, providing significant military and economic advantages over neighbouring polities. Several wars in the eighteenth century led to territorial expansion, which further strengthened the Burmese state and created a distinctive Burmese cultural identity. At the same time, the growth of external trade, both with China and the western world provided further revenues. But the era of Burman kingdoms could not last forever and ended in 1885 when the British deposed the last King Thibaw in Mandalay and made Burma a province of British India. With the invasion of the British, new powerful political concepts and models for later leaders were introduced.[9] The British annexed Burma in 1886 and divided the country into two main administrative areas: Ministerial Burma, which was mainly populated by the Burman majority, and the Frontier area.[10] The British wanted to establish law and order through a low cost central administration. They secured their economic interest by rationalisation and commercialisation of agriculture. The British occupation did provide certain stability, by unifying diverse indigenous ethnic groups under colonial rule. Nevertheless, the British colonial system significantly changed and damaged the Burmese social structure. The precolonial social organisation largely rested on the authority of local chieftains and Buddhists monks. Buddhism as the common faith shared among the Burman majority, the Arakanese and most Shan and Karen people, was the main source of social stability as this faith emphasises self-reliance and righteous behaviour. Moreover, education was offered by monks to all.[11] With the British occupation, authority of local chieftains was replaced by weak influence of salaried officials, who were more responsible to local government rather than to the local communities.[12] The influence of the monks was weakened and they were soon deprived of their main social function. In order to protect the interests of minorities, the British assigned them some key functions which the Burmans, the dominant ethnic group, could not participate. For example, the British mainly recruited Karens, Kachins and Chins in the colonial army and administration, whereas the Burman were kept out of such activities. According to Josef Silverstein, minority groups living on the frontiers were administered directly by the central British administration. They were separated from the rest of the country, and those living in Ministerial Burma were granted seats in the legislature.[13] Thus, ethnic minority groups were divided along occupational lines.[14] Moreover, the British displaced indigenous and non-indigenous to the South in the fertile delta region. Deprived of their traditional social structure, those newly established cultivators fully adopted the imported rule of law, tenan cy rights and money lending practices. These British policies made the Burmese people conscious of their ethnic and cultural differences for the first time. This led to social division that had not existed in the pre-colonial period.[15] With the British annexation of Burma the structures of foreign trade changed, as well. The Burmese economy under the informal empire had become dangerously dependent on the export of view primary commodities -cotton and teak in particular. At the same time, rice was being imported in ever larger quantities, and soon Burma became the worlds largest rice exporter. However, as a consequence, an exodus of landless farmers in 1930 led to competition between ethnic groups and violent intra-communal riots. The world depressions of the 1870s led to a dramatic decline in the relative prices of nearly all primary commodities, including all of Burmas main exports. But nevertheless, international rice prices stayed the same or even rose. Thus, at this time of attempted reform, in contrast to Siam (Thailand) which enjoyed the profits of growing international trade, Burma was plunged into increasing economic hardship and fiscal collapse.[16] Efforts to promote economic development failed as the state lost its autonomy to colonial powers and the economy became more fully integrated into global markets. Local reactions to European expansion lead to crisis and intervention. The failure of British rule in Burma, instability and state insolvency were caused largely due to underpayment by Western countries for goods and services. The rise and fall of cotton prices and, more generally, dependence on western markets, weakened the Burmese government, desperate to find the funds with which to finance reform.[17] This demonstrates that these conditions created an opportunity for Western nations to dominate the country, eventually leading to British colonial rule. Following the British withdrawal, the Japanese occupied Burma in summer 1942. But throughout their four years of control over Burma during the Pacific war, the Japanese did not succeed in bringing the Burmese population under their rule, nor could they manage to lessen the external menace of allied forces. To secure their position they promised to bring independence to Burma and support an indigenous army. By not following through on their promises, the Japanese precipitated the emergence Burmese nationalists, who consequently allied with the British. In March 1945, the Anti-Fascist Peoples Freedom League was formed. Aung San, Chief of this Burmese army, became the head of the Anti-Fascist Peoples Freedom League. The AFPFL was first a resistance movement founded on Buddhist philosophy and open to all Burmese regardless their ethnic background, their political or religious beliefs. It later became a leading political party calling for national unity and federalism. During this transitional period to democracy, a Burmese government was created to handle administrative matters.[18] After the Japanese occupation ended in August 1945, the Burmese feared a regression to the British colonial economic order. Strikes and negotiations led in January 1947 to a meeting in London. There it was decided that a constituent assembly should be elected in April, and those living in Frontier Areas would have to decide whether or not to join Ministerial Burma. In a second meeting in Panlong on the 12th February 1947, the Chin, Kachin and Shan agreed to join the future federal union as autonomous communities. However, the Karen, Karenni, Rakhine (or Arakanese) and the Mon did not sign the Panglong agreement, which seriously challenged its credibility. To this day, dialogue between the Burman majority and ethnic minority groups is a rare and difficult proposition. As expected, the AFPFL won the elections, and Aung San was put in charge of writing the constitution, which espoused â€Å"unity in diversity† that could only be achieved by a federal system. His assassination in July 1947, as well as the deaths of other officials, left Burma without the means to pursue the democratisation process. And so, the declaration of Burmas independence from the Commonwealth on the 4th January 1948 did not prevent the hope of national unity to fall apart. After the Japanese occupation during World War II, the country gained independence from the British in 1948.[19] 1.2 Myanmar and its Ethnic Diversity With its estimated population of 50 million, Burma is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world. Due its central location, settlers from many different backgrounds have migrated to Burma. Today about two thirds of the population is Burman (Bamar) and the remaining one-thirds are ethnic minorities. This ethnically diversity is more than ever a critical issue and thus the ground of most of the countrys problems. Largely due to the fact that throughout history, Burma has experienced a great deal of inter-ethnic mingling.[20] Discussions about ethnicity are related to terms, such as â€Å"nationalities† and â€Å"national races†, referring back to the course which was introduced into Myanmar during the colonial era and became concretised with the countrys independence in 1948 when various constitutional models for multi-ethnic states were being discussed. The examples of Yugoslavia, Stalinist Russia, and the United Kingdom were considered as alternatives for Myanmar. It started in the 1930s when ideas of socialist and Marxist concepts had been introduced into Myanmar which took power in 1948 as the essence of the critique of British imperialism and colonial rule. The disproportionate wealth that European and Asian foreigners had gained during the colonial period, creating a situation where the Burmese were poor people in their own rich land, meant that the removal of alien economic domination became a key goal of nationalist policy.[21] The 1974 constitution, which is now being revised, divided Burma into seven ethnic states- the Rakhine, Shan, Mon, Chin, Kayin, Kayah (formerly Karenni) and Kachin and seven divisions, where ethnic Burman people held the majority.[22] Furthermore, the military junta distinguishes 135 sub-ethnic groups among the seven major ones. According to Analysist and social scientists the s can be distributed as following: Bamah 65%, Karen 9%, Shan 7% , Chin 2%, smaller groups like the Mon, Kachin and Wa at 1% each, and Indian 7% at least.[23] Due this huge ethnic diversity, locked into this small geographic zone, over hundreds of different dialects and languages have been identified. Most of the people would not be aware of such classification, if the countries military junta would not use this nomenclature for discriminative purposes. Ethnic minority groups are not excluded in cities populated by Burmans, but with the juntas assimilation into the Burmese Buddhist system, called â€Å"Burmanization†, they are faced severe discriminations, such as the deny of social, cultural and religious rights of ethnic minorities.[24] Moreover, with its xenophobia and oppressions against minorities, the military rule is responsible for the eclipse of huge parts of the peoples history. Minorities culturally and racially different from the dominating Burmans have been uprooted from their localities under the pretext of being â€Å"Kula†, â€Å"non- natives†, or even outright â€Å"foreigners†. In a multiethnic country like Myanmar, instead of following the democratic policy of unity and diversity, the military junta uses Burmanization as a guide and prosecutes the minorities, renames places, destroys minority places and replaces them with their ethnic names. The discrimination of minorities is reinforced by religious consideration, especially Christians, Hindus and above all Muslims communities are often target of many human rights abuses. Christianity is often associated with the Chin, Kachin and Karen, Hinduism with Indians, and the Islam, accounting for about 13% of the population, is mainly represented in Arakanese, Indian and Pakistanis communities. They often have no access to certain jobs, mainly in administration and in the army. Those who live in the remote zones are subjected to atrocities committed by unleashed military groups. The juntas propaganda portrayed ethnic minorities as trouble makers, and ordinary Burmans, besides the Tatmadaw, progressively share this view. Most popular targets of discrimination are the Royhingas, who are Muslims in religion and live in the Mon-State, bordering to Bangladesh.[25] ‘One party, one blood, one voice and one command was already the slogan of the Dobama movement, a motto which still lives on in the Burmese armed forces, the Tatmadaw.[26] Nevertheless, given the fact that Burma is struggling with ethnically and political problems it may be impossible to build unity with such a slogan, especially when 40% of the population is not seen as part of the Burmese society. 1.3 Post Colonial Era The country has been ruled by military dictatorship since 1962, when General Ne Win seized power from the Prime Minister U Nu. Only between 1974 and 1988 there is the exception of a period of one party rule. Ne Win introduced the â€Å"Burmese Way to Socialism†, which systematically referred to the decent of a country which had a 90 percent literacy rate and was rich in natural resources. Together with its regime, he dismantled the independent judiciary, the legislature, the multiparty system and finally cut Burma off from the outside world. This regime has been engaged in military operations against the Communist Party of Burma and various ethnic minorities fighting for autonomy or independence from the central government, which has traditionally been dominated by ethnic Burmans.[27] The current executive body, the State Peace and Development Council is a group of a dozen high-ranking soldiers. On state and division level, military Regional Commanders enjoy a limited autonomy granted by the regime. On township and village level, local Peace and Development Councils exist. In the cease-fire areas, ethnic leaders determine and implement policies, depending on the degree of their autonomy vis-à  -vis the Regional Commanders and SPDC. Although the system of government seems centralised, from the outside world, in reality, it is highly fragmented, with opaque decision making procedures and means of governance.[28] The military is entrenched in every instant and institution of the state, including the Union Presidency, the Union Government, the Union Assembly and the Regional or State Assemblies. The constitution is fleshed out with repetitions and irrelevant provisions. In many respects the constitution is vague and confusing and open to conflicting interpretations. The military is above the constitution and above the law. The Chief of staff of the Defence Forces is the most powerful person under the constitution. His appointment and removal are not referred to the constitution. It is anticipated that he will be beyond the control of a civilian government. The Chief of staff of the Defence Forces and the military are regulated by the militarys own regulations, which enables them to override the constitution and serves as a justification for the military regime to stay in power. The President appoints the Chief Minister for each state and region. A partially elected Legislative Assembly is also established in each state and region.[29] The military regime, then under the name of State Law and Order Restoration Council, seized power in 1988. In August, widespread popular riots against the military regime, which were initiated by university students in Rangoon, were brutally suppressed and thousands were killed. People took to the streets and demanded an end to decades of military dictatorship and international isolation. The protests have been rumbling on for months, starting with students at the select Rangoon Institute for Technology, spreading through the sprawling capital and then upcountry. The price of food skyrocketed, and a mood of opportunity and imminent upheaval fused with long-pent-up anger and resentment against the authorities. In 1990 the SLORC held elections for a multiparty parliament. The NLD as the main political movement under the leadership of Mrs Aung San Suu Kyi won 82% of the seats in the National Assembly. However, the results of the elections were never recognised by the military regime whi ch maintained power. The military refused to step down and since then have kept tight control of the country. Aung San Suu Kyi has been under house arrest most of the time and only the leadership and the army have benefited from self-imposed and external isolation.[30] In October 1992 the SLORC formed the Commission for National Convention in order to draft fundamental principles of constitution. These principles underscoring six major points: Solidarity of the Union for Myanmar Solidarity of the national unity Perpetuation of national sovereignty Development of parliamentary democracy Development of justice, freedom and equality in the political arena The participation of Tatmadaw in the future states national politics. To determine these basic principles above, the SLORC convoked National Convention for Myanmars new constitution in August 1993.[31] The convention assembled less than 15% of the representatives elected in 1990 and the principles which were discussed had to conform to the objectives of the convention, pre-defined by the SLORC. Western States have passed many resolutions to encourage the junta to give a timetable for the convention. But so far, there is no clear sign of its near conclusion, and the NLD, which has left the Convention in 1995 due to undemocratic procedures, has been banned permanently from the convention by the SLORC. The SLORC was officially dissolved on 15 November 1997, reformulating itself as the State Peace and Development Council.[32] 2. Recent Development During the last four decades the regime has been effectively functioned under self-imposed isolation in an attempt to revitalise the ailing economy and avert popular pressure for political reform. To do so the regime operates without any respect of humans basic freedoms and rights. It is in particular the absence of an effective judicial system, and with that the fact that rule of law is not guaranteed by any means, which makes a transition to democracy incessant. The military junta keeps all media under tight control and limits the development of civil society. Torture and extra-judicial executions as well as forced labour also remain widespread measures in the regimes fight against political opponents and certain ethnic groups. By that, forced village relocations and armed resistance of especially Karen and Shan populations continue to cause internal displacement and a refugee influx in particular into Thailand.[33] The lack of good economic governance has led to widespread poverty among Myanmars population, structural un- and underemployment as well as under-funded health and education systems. Engagement of the international donor community remains limited due to the countrys political situation. It is also worrying that the junta spends high percentage of its budget for military hardware; as opposed to the few resources spend for public health and education. Concerns by the international community are aggravated by the widespread corruption inside the country as well as the uneven distribution of opportunities in urban and rural areas. So far, military rulers have been resisted external demands to turn over power to a democratic government and it seems that pressure from the international community has been mainly failed. Obviously it could not prevent the junta to seek almost total autonomy, although it seems that the present regime has opened up the country to some extent. However, the regi me remains suspicious of and resistant to external criticism and interference. This chapter seeks to present the countrys recent development on the economic and political front. It shows Myanmar from the perspective of the international community. Moreover, it will provide a deeper understanding in Myanmars economic structure and thus gives a basic background to understand how EU measures affect the country. 2.1 Myanmars Recent Economic Development-An Analysis With a real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 4.0 per cent in 2008, Myanmar is one of the poorest nations in the world.[34] Today, Myanmars economy is based on agriculture, gems, timber and oil. Although, the country is rich in natural resources, it has only weak linkages to the global economy. Over the past four decades, deep structural problems caused by the military-inspired policies and the absence of any rational economic and developmental strategies have led to diminishing living standards and widespread poverty among the general population in Myanmar. Political repression and impoverishment have drastically reduced the ability of communities to handle political or social change.[35] To give an economic overview and analysis of Myanmar, the focus in this section will be on macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP growth, exports and imports, inflation, investment and interest rates. Economic data, including s on foreign debt and investment are scarce. Data from the states Research Centre are mostly inaccurate or distorted. This can be explained partly through the fact that the SPDC are noted to be using older methods of calculating some key indicators, which are therefore difficult to compare to data used by most other nations today. For instance, the IMF suggests that official s used are significantly overestimated.[36] GDP Growth: According to the IMF, over the period 1997/98-2007/08, GDP growth has remained at an annual average of around 5 per cent, with the exception of 2003/04 when the banking system belatedly to fall out of the Asian Markets Crisis of 1997. The annual growth of 5 per cent would be considered quite healthy in comparison to regional GDP growth, were it not for the rampant inflation in the country, which dramatically undermines any gains made. To clarify, any additional GDP revenues would be swallowed up by the even higher rising costs. The EIU suggests that there has been solid growth in the energy and mining sector as well as significant growth in the service sectors over the last decade.[37] This would be somewhat encouraging, were those gains not negated by inflation. Evidence supporting this can be found by looking at the continued poor social development indicators and widespread poverty in the country.[38] A household survey conducted by UNDP shows that union-wide 32 per cent of the population lie below the poverty line and 10 per cent below the food poverty (i.e. cannot afford to buy food for basic nutritional requirements). This is also well illustrated by the fact that across the union 34.4 per cent of children under 5 years of age suffer from moderate malnutrition.[39] GDP by Sector: About 70 per cent of enterprises and firms (small and middle sized businesses) are in private poverty, the remaining 30 per cent (in particular large scaled enterprises) are still owned by the state, which work more often in deficit. The private sector is dominated by business people who are trusted by the government and often employ relatives of senior SPDC members. It has a share more than 90 per cent of the economic performance. However, Myanmars economy is predominantly shaped by agriculture.[40] Therefore the agricultural sector gains approximately 50 per cent of the countrys GDP. An estimated two thirds of all citizens are working as farmers or labourers. Contrary, the industrial sector including natural gas export segment contributes only 20 per cent of GDP and trade and services 36 per cent.[41] Myanmars economy was fully regulated by the state, but obviously the government is taking approaching steps to liberalize agriculture. Though it has ended some production controls and mandatory procedures as well as allowing to grow rice as a dry-season crop in irrigated areas. Some of the state owned enterprises which are contributing to the processing and supplying inputs of agriculture have been privatized. Myanmar has been one of the major rice exporters in the world until the government banned exports of rice and some other agricultural products to held domestic prices down. Only in 2006, the export ban could relax a bit and eased further in 2007.[42] GDP by Capita and Purchasing Power: As the chart below clearly shows, Myanmars GDP per capita in 2006 was, by some significant margin, the lowest in the region. This is partly down to the low levels of annual GDP gained by the economy. This could be attributed to numerous factors, such as poor productivity levels, significant trade restrictions and consequent low levels of trade, poor foreign direct investment and poor taxation collection system. According to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and IMF estimates, Myanmar has the lowest GDP per capita at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) of all neighbouring countries (as shown below). To clarify, PPP is an indicator designed to negate the relative costs of living in the country data and show a comparable income level per person on an equitable basis. Needless to say, the low relative GDP per capita, even at PPP rates shows how low general income levels a