International Management Decisions UK Pharmaceutical Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1674 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? International Management Decisions: UK Pharmaceutical Industry The pharmaceutical industry engages in researching, developing, manufacturing, and marketing drugs used in healthcare (Shah 2012, p. 36).According toKesic(2008, p. 59), the global pharmaceutical industry has changedmuchover the past few years; because, the intensive globalization is reinforcing a consolidated pharmaceutical industry. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Management Decisions: UK Pharmaceutical Industry" essay for you Create order Moreover, mergers and acquisitions are creating alliances that will strategicallyorientatethe global pharmaceutical industry. Kesic(2008, p. 59) points out that alliances are creating strategic synergies within the pharmaceutical industry as competition between various global companies intensifies. Therefore, multinational peer companies dominating UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pharmaceutical industry, face new challenges in international management decisions that influence their operations (Brown Grundy 2004, p. 57). As the industry becomes more competitive, scholars conclude that strategic management will play a key role in international management decisions that are industry-specific to the UK. As an example The University of Manchester, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and AstraZeneca announced the creation of the Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research in May 2011, a unique collaboration to establish a world-leading translational centre for inflammatory diseases. The industry-sp ecific approaches that UK pharmaceutical companies use to adapt to competitive environments have effects on management decision-making and will always be debatable. Project uncertainty has created precise, yet unrealistic plans for the pharmaceutical industry in the UK (Burgel et al. 2014, p. 14). The pharmaceutical business depends on calculated risks, researches, and innovations to optimize on its defined goals. Therefore, international management decisions made in this industry affect even company-independent institutions, including hospitals (Burgel et al. 2014, p. 14). The UK pharmaceutical industry seeks advice andcooperationfrom institutions that take part in the scientific and therapeutic process to acquire partner specific research and development topics. Since attaining, the scientific and therapeutic economic progress is the main aim of pharmaceutical industries, project management, strategic management and all relevant techniques work to meet the UK industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s overall goal (Tzeng 2014, p. 3). Thus, international management decisions play a key role in the process to solve the risks that the UK pharmaceutical industry faces. The pharmaceutical industry leads all industries in terms of RD spend. Jaruzelski et al. (2011) report that four out of the top five global RD spends and eight out of the top twenty global RD spends are by pharmaceutical firms. Of these firms, six (Roche, Pfizer, Novartis, Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, and AstraZeneca) increased RD spend from 2009 to 2010 (ranging from 0.3 to 53 % increase) despite volatile global economic conditions. This suggests that pharmaceutical firms continue to invest heavily in their portfolios with the top eight spending between $5 billion and $10 billion per year, translating to between 11 and 21 % of annual sales. To make sane decisions for the pharmaceutical industry in the UK,Pharmaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s New Productivity Challenge: Perspectives from Europe(2014) recommends that the RD operations should track country-specific regulations. They should also track industry specific trends and accept future developments. Furthermore, since country-specific regulations, just as trends, often change, UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pharmaceutical companiesneedmanagers to watch the trends and regulations in the market.KofinasandSaur-Amaral(2008, p. 257) state that lacking knowledge of language and culture specific to a particular country is inefficient for UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pharmaceutical companies. Furthermore, it has little effect on the innovation strategies of UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pharmaceutical companies. Thus, it is important to optimize resources and time, by applying project expertise, strategic management, and business administration across the decision-making processes. Strategic decision-making covers portfolio management, long-term planning, projectselection, and technological commercial indicators (Stonier2011, p. 6). Decision-making at this level cuts across RD, finance, marketing, and management. Therefore, strategic management will play an important role in creating a competitive business performance for pharmaceutical companies in the UK industry. Portfolio management in new drug development is extremely challenging due to long drug development cycles and high probabilities of failure. According to the Min Ding and Jehoshua Eliashberg (2014) In 2010, a pharmaceutical company like GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) spent over USD 6 billion in RD expenditure and managed a total of 147 RD projects across 13 therapeutic areas in different stages of development. Additionally, managers with a strong commitment to strategic management will focus more on global thinking, enabling pharmaceutical companies to make customers their center of attention (Stonier2011, p. 6). Focusing their management decisions on satisfying the needs of consumers will give them the necessary competitive advantage. Just as Buckley and Carter (2002, p. 29) emphasize, future s uccessful pharmaceutical companies are those that focus on global effectiveness. This requires keen focus on global learning, consistent innovation, and increased global effectiveness. After the financial crisis, most UK pharmaceutical companies desired to improve their international management decisions (Pharmaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s New Productivity Challenge: Perspectives from Europe2014). Due to the value of the pound, it has become more expensive to do business in the UK and so firms like GSK are starting to do more research in the US and Asia. With the many risks among portfolio managers, the pharmaceutical industry is embarking on a plan to raise awareness on the different approaches of optimizing risk management. According to Tzeng(2014, p. 3), the bias in investor performance is also raising awareness on the different approaches that optimize decision-making. Recognizing the value of decision-making identifies investments that are undermining international management decisions.Tzeng(2014, p. 3) points out that the pharmaceutical industry has developed various interventions that international managers can use to mitigate biases. Building development programs using behavioral economics has facilitated decision-making within the pharmaceutical industry. The outcome is a catalyzed cultural shift towards excellent decision-making (Tzeng2014, p. 3). Managers are able to use these frameworks to find the biases that may deter decision-making. This gives managers the ability to transform optimal behaviors into good management decisions. Behavioral decision-making is, thus, an important strategic priority for most pharmaceutical companies. The global economic downturn drew attention to deficiencies in the management practices of many organizations (European Commission2014). Specifically, the pharmaceutical industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk management decision-making had notable shortcomings. Industry-specific analysis revealed that for large pharmaceutical companies in the UK, personalization created strong links between people and teams engaged in risk management decisions. In addition, the results of the decisions created personal responsibilities towards a particular risk. Therefore, personalized risk management requires supporting elements such as high quality insight, supportive culture, and personal accountability (European Commission2014). The author notes that high quality insight is valuable since decision-making requires quality information, good analytical skills, and competence in interpreti ng relevant industry information. Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach to analysing the global environment also includes related supporting industries which are left out by traditional PEST analysis. This includes infrastructure available in the industry of a particular country. Governments have increasingly focused on encouraging clusters and science and technology parks offering shared facilities and experience, as well as government support. UK examples in the pharmaceutical industry include Oxford and Cambridge, where various industrial links and universities are widely available. Pharmaceutical companies have to engage in decision-making at risk management levels, to allow them transform information into deeper insight. Personal accountability is another attribute that requires decision-making to relate to risk management, thereby creating feelings of genuine responsibility (Shah 2012, p. 121). Organizations have to make sure that they reward personal accountability well and t hat high quality insight teams are engaged in decision-making. Last,leadership teamsneedsupportive behavioral culturesto enforce accountability and insight. The personalization approach applies to UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pharmaceutical industry, given that they make significant investment in new drugs. Companies are increasingly seeking to unlock the power of patients and data, working closely with clinicians and researchers. The NIHR has committed a record investment of  £800m over five years to the creation of Biomedical Research Centres and Units within the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s leading teaching hospital-university partnerships, and the establishment of two new Translational Research Partnerships. Although the firms have astute formal systems and strict external regulations, they also depend on ethics and standards existing in pharmaceutical industries to make their decisions (Shah 2012, p. 121). This paper holds that the approaches of UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pharmaceutical companies in adapting to competitive environments have effects on international management decision-making. Project uncertainty has created precise, yet unrealistic plans for the pharmaceutical industry. The clamor for strategic advantages has created a deep interest in the decision-making trends of UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pharmaceutical industry. In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s global marketplace, pharmaceutical companies are facing many challenges that need astute international management decisions. From the study, UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pharmaceutical industry has knowledge managers whose decision-making practices adjust according to global operations. These managers adjust their practices and behaviors to inspire others towards creative thinking. By itself, sufficient knowledge management is important in responding to the existing challenges. As RD functions are mutating and changing, structural arrangements in decision-making are diversifying to meet this growing challenge. The UK ph armaceutical industry is undergoing increased regulation and knowledge processes that need astute decision-making skills to adapt to new challenges flexibly. Therefore, only improved management experiences in decision-making will enhance production and performance. Brown L., Grundy, T 2004, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Project Management for the Pharmaceutical industry,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Aldershot, Hants, England, Gower. Buckley, P., Carter, M 2002, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Process and structure in knowledge management practices of British and US multinational enterprises,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Journal of International Management, vol. 8, pp. 29-48. Burgel, O., Fier, A., Licht, G., Murray, G n.d., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Timing of International Market Entry of UK and German High-Tech Start-Ups,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, vol. 1, no. 51, pp. 1-17. European Commission 2014, Pharmaceutical Industry: A Strategic Sector for the European Economy, viewed 15 Novembe r 2014, https://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/healthcare/files/docs/pharmastrategy_en.pdf Kesic, D 2008, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Strategic Analysis of the World Pharmaceutical Industry,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Management, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 59-76. Kofinas, A., Saur-Amaral, I 2008, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"25 years of knowledge creation processes in pharmaceutical contemporary trends,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Organizational Behavior and Management, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 257-280. Pharmaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s New Productivity Challenge: Perspectives from Europe 2014. viewed 15 November 2014, https://www.janssen-emea.com/sites/default/files/Pharmas-New-Productivity-Challenge-Perspectives-from-Europe.pdf Shah, B 2012, A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Industrial Management, Australia, Elsevier Health Sciences. Stonier, P 2011, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"An insight into careers for doctors with the UK pharmaceutical industry,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ viewed 15 November 2014, https://www.abpi.org.uk/ourwork/library/industry/Docume nts/careers-doctors.pdf Tzeng, I 2014, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Finding Value in Europe,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Executive Insights vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 1-7. Jaruzelski B, Loehr J, Holman R (2011) The global innovation 1000: why culture is key. Strategy+Business 65(Winter):31à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"45

Human Induced Global Climate Change Essay - 2024 Words

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Thus, the scientific confirmation supports that the rise in carbon dioxide levels is significantly generated by people, not nature, and people are ultimately the largest contributor to the atmospheric changes; thus, human beings should implement chang es to their energy sources and modify agricultural production in order to lessen the quantity of carbon dioxide emitted into the aura at the extraordinary rate it currently is passing. Fossil fuels are of course produced from coal, petroleum, gas, diesel fuel, and natural gasses. Carbon dioxide is one of the many gasses that are emitted from the fossil fuel burning, and carbon dioxide is responsible for trapping heat in the earth’s atmosphere. Nevertheless, carbon dioxide is naturallyShow MoreRelatedHuman Induced Global Climate Change. 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Ww1 Trench Warfare Free Essays

Nature of Life in the Trenches The nature of life in the trenches was a dangerous place. It was a place for the dead or for the survivors. Trenches were a front line which was dug metres underground, inside the trenches, were supplies, training areas, stores and mainly headquarters. We will write a custom essay sample on Ww1 Trench Warfare or any similar topic only for you Order Now The trenches were the main area to store arms of artillery and mortars. Life was hell for soldiers. Bearing the pain they went through, the diseases, the infections, the bad conditions living in, having to deal with sickness, all these illnesses became worse in the long run as soldiers ceased from them. The whole idea of the trenches was to gain and to give protection from enemy lines who would want to attack their enemies once seen, so trenches were a good hiding spot hence other various reasons as well. September 1914 was when trench warfare began and ended in August 1918. In the area of the River Somme on the Western Front, the ground is deathly and is easily tunnelled. The trench sides would dissolve easily after rain so the ideas would have to be changed and wood, sandbags or any other suitable material would have to be a substitute of dirt. Trenches were never built to be straight for a reason, in case an enemy ever jumped into the trench they could have point blank shot of everyone hiding inside it, whereas, trenches were built in a zigzag form to avoid quick target shots from enemies. The living conditions in the trenches were unbearable. In order to minimise the risk of trench foot (a disease on the feet) they would have to build duckboards on the bottom of trenches to clear the mud and faeces at the bottom. The health risk was very severe and was a maximised hazard of death as the unhygienic smell can affect the body. The weather was a big factor in the trenches, temperatures down to less than 10 degrees Celsius was made impossible for soldiers to cope while sleeping or doing any activity. Diseases such as frost bites could occur as well as exposure and trench foot. Uses of secondary weapons were used in the war as well as fire weaponry. Secondary weapons such as grenades, bombs, gas bombs, and much more were used and it was effective at long and short range targets. Gas masks were used continually due to the gas mixing with the air and making it hard to breathe so gas masks were introduced to protect the face from burnt skin as well as inhaling it. The main diseases caught while in trenches were trench foot, shell shock, blindness from mustard gas, snakes, infected rats, grenades, bombs, colds from low temperatures, frost bite, gangrene, body lice was a main disease maker as it irritated soldiers to itch numerous times of the day and that would cause infectious diseases on skin and could be caught off one another, the insufferable conditions, stench from rotting bodies, self-inflicting punishments and as well as suicide due to the trauma and depression. Body lice were a main factor in the trenches. It brought upon soldiers infections, high fevers, diseases and probably death. Lice would stay on the body throughout the whole day and eat at the flesh and irritate soldiers, they would have to itch and itch and itch continuously in order to get the irritation feeling away. The aftermath would leave redness, bad smells, trench fever, first symptoms and shooting pains around the body and high illnesses. Many of the other diseases were much similar to lice and the treatment was similar was well but some things did differ, such as the kind of sickness, disease and the way the â€Å"infection† was going to affect the soldier. Mud affected the body as well as their existence, what they ate, what they were wearing and how they breathed. Mud was an enemy and misery to soldiers. Trench foot was a painful swelling of the feet caused by constant absorption in water. Some cases, toes could rot off and that can lead to gangrene and that can be led to amputation. Rats were known as â€Å"trench rats† because they were sizes of small dogs. Rats would consume food that was left on the ground as well as fresh food and take all food supplies which would then be limited for soldiers the next day or so. Rats were also good humour for the soldiers as they would attract it to food and shoot them once they seem them and hang them as a â€Å"trophy†. Gas gangrene was an easy target for many soldiers, the least of their problems were rats. They had to survive and live to continue the war, they couldn’t afford to inhale dangerous gases and die instantly. If the gas was ever inhaled, it would destroy the tissue inside the human body and the body will decay gradually and disintegrate. Gas masks were then produced. The cold fell to temperature of minus Forty degrees Celsius; nevertheless, trenches had temperature of minus Fifteen degrees Celsius. Soldiers had to manage with the cold, hard to believe, it was worse than lice. The cold made it impossible to sleep. Frostbite affected many men and frequently directed to infection, decomposition and later on, amputation, along with hypothermia. In addition the infections led to boils, impetigo (a contagious skin disease caused by streptococcal bacteria, forming pustules and yellow sores), ulcers, hypothermia, frostbite, gangrene and amputation. There were many psychological effects that were put onto soldiers such as trauma, shell shock, tics, a feeling of disillusionment and a growing sense of distrust of political leaders. The effects led to long term effects which made them think about the past most of their lives and that caused controversy to war officials. In conclusion, life in the trenches was difficult and distressing. Soldiers sacrificed their life to create peace in the world but it continued unfortunately. As oppose to all the past dramatic effects on soldiers, they had to live with it their whole lives, having to go through long or short term effects. How to cite Ww1 Trench Warfare, Essay examples

Understanding the Littering Behaviour in the Sydney Olympic Park

Questions: 1.Define the problem , along with broad description of setting/ context2.Identifying the relevant stakeholders who get affected.3.Evaluating the most relevant / important issues to be considered while implementing any solutions for the problem a)The physical nature of problemb)The psychological or social nature of the problem Answers: 1. The Sydney Olympic Park has been facing a continuous problem of littering. Littering makes the entire area looks very dirty a swell as uncared for. Research indicates that the approximate cost of litter services across Australia is around $300 million to $350 million annually. Litter is an environmental hazard as it can lead to blocking of drains which can further result in floods , moreover it can be very dangerous to the people as the littered items for example needles, syringes, broken glass etc. are very harmful (Bell, 2015). The park is filled with various kinds of litter that also includes cigarette butts, plastic bags, as well as other plastic items that is very harmful for animals as well as marine life in several ways. Cigarette butts are amongst the most littered items as they contribute to almost 43 percent of the total littered items. According to the National Litter Index results 2011/ 2012 for New South Wales, the most littered items include cigarette butts, plastic items as well as paper boards. Moreover it costs millions of dollars for cleaning up as well as managing litter(Kesab, 2015). Litter pollutes the marine life by polluting water and animals might get caught up in the thrown plastic items and might get strangled or even injured. 2. The major stakeholder in this case is the natural environment which is worst affected by the littering process. Some other stakeholders include : corporate, retailers, residents, vendors, tertiary institutions , farmers, schools, local authorities, as well as communities(The Chronicle, 2016) . Around 50,000 tonnes of litter is being tossed in the state parks, waterways as well as gutter every year. there are many fines being imposed by Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) and regulatory authorities so as to enforce the littering provisions of POEO Act as well as Waste Regulation. It is the marine ecosystem, animals, plants as well as human beings living in the areas all get impacted by litter being thrown in the park. Both men and women are equally likely to litter around , however it has been found that lack of bins in the area is not the major factor that causes littering behaviour as most of the littering occurred around 5 metres of a bin and mainly in case of cigarette butts (Kaieteur News, 2014). 3. a) It has been found that people more likely litter at some places as compared to others and they litter very less or do not litter at all at the places that are already clean. Moreover people are less likely to litter in case a bin is closer to the place they need it (Curnow et al., 1997). Some of the features of the location or infrastructure which prevents littering behaviour is when the location is totally clean , and the bins as well as furniture looks well cared for and there are no indications of vandalism or graffiti (Jack, 2010). People also make right disposing choices if the signage is consistent as well as clear or looks attractive. It has been found that the common justifications given by people for littering are: non-availability of bins, someone else will be picking up the litter, etc. But in currents scenario this seems to be just an excuse to cover their laziness regarding throwing litter in the bins (DeMiglio Williams, 2008). b) There are studies that have found various types of behaviours that are associated with littering and this includes wedgers the ones who stuff disposable objects at places or small spaces , where they cannot be seen for example below their seats; undertakers - the ones who bury their disposable items under leaves or sand or mud and foul shooters the ones who aim for the bin but miss out and finally leave the objects n the ground itself (Beverage Industry Environment Council, 2012). The littering actions of people are mainly affected by factors like: litter types; their perception about whether littering matters to them; how they think about particular place; and whether they are being seen littering or not. On the basis of a study litterers have been classified as: heavy, moderate and anti-litterers (Koltko-Rivera, 2004). These litterers also indicated that their behaviour is very highly-variable on the basis of various perceptions about themselves as well as the way they relate to the people as well as their surroundings (Lesser Pope, 2011). The behaviour of heavy litterers is found to be sociopathic means depicting exaggerated individualism and they only care if it affects them and anti litterers are traditional in thinking as they reflect the core values or upbringing and they are more concerned about how it will impact others (NSW EPA, 2013). Bibliography Bell, A., 2015. Sydney tossers getting off scot free as councils go soft on litter fines, data reveals. The Daily Telegraph, 15 January. Beverage Industry Environment Council, 2012. U nderstanding Littering behaviour in Australia. [Online] Available at: https://kab.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/understanding-littering-behaviour-lbs1.pdf [Accessed 16 Dec 2016]. Curnow, R.C., Williams, E. P., S., 1997. Understanding why people litter: A Literature Review.. A Beverage Industry Environment Council Publication. DeMiglio, L. Williams, A., 2008. A sense of place, a sense of wellbeing. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Company. Jack, G., 2010. Place matters: The significance of place attachments for childrens well-being. British Journal of Social Work, 40, pp.755-71. Kaieteur News, 2014. NRE hosts stakeholders conference to target litter prevention regulations. [Online] Available at: https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2014/03/01/nre-hosts-stakeholders-conference-to-target-litter-prevention-regulations/ [Accessed 16 Dec 2016]. Kesab, 2015. Littering Behaviour. [Online] Available at: https://www.squareholes.com/assets/case-study/KESAB.pdf [Accessed 16 Dec 2016]. Koltko-Rivera, M.E., 2004. The psychology of worldviews. Review of General Psychology, 8(1), pp.3-58. Lesser, J.G. Pope, D.S., 2011. An integrating framework for human behavior. Boston: Pearson. NSW EPA, 2013. NSW Litter Prevention Kit. [Online] Available at: https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/resources/litter/130800-lpk-things-know.pdf [Accessed 16 December 2016]. The Chronicle, 2016. Say No to litter in 2016. [Online] Available at: https://www.chronicle.co.zw/say-no-to-litter-in-2016/ [Accessed 16 Dec 2016].